Magic: The Gathering Rules

100.1a: A two-player game is a game that begins with only two players.

100.1b: A multiplayer game is a game that begins with more than two players. See section 8, "Multiplayer Rules."

100.2a: In constructed play (a way of playing in which each player creates their own deck ahead of time), each deck has a minimum deck size of 60 cards. A constructed deck may contain any number of basic land cards and no more than four of any card with a particular English name other than basic land cards. For the purposes of deck construction, cards with interchangeable names have the same English name (see rule 201.3 ).

100.2b: In limited play (a way of playing in which each player gets the same quantity of unopened Magic product such as booster packs and creates their own deck using only this product and basic land cards), each deck has a minimum deck size of 40 cards. A limited deck may contain as many duplicates of a card as are included with the product.

100.2c: Commander decks are subject to additional deckbuilding restrictions and requirements. See rule 903 , "Commander," for details.

100.2d: Some formats and casual play variants allow players to use a supplementary deck of nontraditional Magic cards (see rule 108.2a ). These supplementary decks have their own deck construction rules. See rule 717 , "Attraction Cards;" rule 901, "Planechase;" and rule 904, "Archenemy."

100.4a: In constructed play, a sideboard may contain no more than fifteen cards. The four-card limit (see rule 100.2a ) applies to the combined deck and sideboard.

100.4b: In limited play involving individual players, all cards in a player's card pool not included in their deck are in that player's sideboard.

100.4c: In limited play involving the Two-Headed Giant multiplayer variant, all cards in a team's card pool but not in either player's deck are in that team's sideboard.

100.4d: In limited play involving other multiplayer team variants, each card in a team's card pool but not in any player's deck is assigned to the sideboard of one of those players. Each player has their own sideboard; cards may not be transferred between players.

100.6a: Tournaments usually consist of a series of matches. A two-player match usually involves playing until one player has won two games. A multiplayer match usually consists of only one game.

100.6b: Players can use the Magic Store & Event Locator at Wizards.com/Locator to find tournaments in their area.

101.2a: Adding abilities to objects and removing abilities from objects don't fall under this rule. (See rule 113.10 )

101.4a: If an effect has each player choose a card in a hidden zone, such as their hand or library, those cards may remain face down as they're chosen. However, each player must clearly indicate which face-down card they are choosing.

101.4b: A player knows the choices made by the previous players when making their choice, except as specified in 101.4a

101.4c: If a player would make more than one choice at the same time, the player makes the choices in the order specified. If no order is specified, the player chooses the order.

101.4d: If a choice made by a nonactive player causes the active player, or a different nonactive player earlier in the turn order, to have to make a choice, APNAP order is restarted for all outstanding choices.

101.4e: If multiple players would make choices or take actions while starting the game, the starting player is considered the active player and each other player is considered a nonactive player.

103.1a: In a game using the shared team turns option, there is a starting team rather than a starting player.

103.1b: In an Archenemy game, these methods aren't used to determine who takes the first turn. Rather, the archenemy takes the first turn.

103.1c: One card (Power Play) states that its controller is the starting player. This effect applies after this determination has happened and supersedes these methods.

103.2a: If any players are using sideboards (see rule 100.4 ) or cards being represented by substitute cards (see rule 713 ), those cards are set aside. After this happens, each player's deck is considered their starting deck.

103.2b: If any players wish to reveal a card with a companion ability that they own from outside the game, they may do so. A player may reveal no more than one card this way, and they may do so only if their deck fulfills the condition of that card's companion ability. The revealed card remains outside the game. (See rule 702.139 , "Companion.")

103.2c: In a Commander game, each player puts their commander from their deck face up into the command zone. See rule 903.6

103.2d: In a constructed game, each player playing with sticker sheets reveals all of their sticker sheets and chooses three of them at random. In a limited game, each player chooses up to three sticker sheets from among those in the sealed product they opened and reveals them. In either case, that player has access to only the stickers on the chosen sheets during the game, and those sticker sheets remain revealed. (See rule 123 , "Stickers.")

103.2e: In a Conspiracy Draft game, each player puts any number of conspiracy cards from their sideboard into the command zone. See rule 905.4

103.3a: In a game using one or more supplementary decks of nontraditional cards (see rule 100.2d ), each supplementary deck's owner shuffles it so the cards are in a random order. Each player may then shuffle or cut their opponents' supplementary decks.

103.4a: In a Two-Headed Giant game, each team's starting life total is 30

103.4b: In a Vanguard game, each player's starting life total is 20 plus or minus the life modifier of their vanguard card.

103.4c: In a Commander game, each player's starting life total is 40

103.4d: In a two-player Brawl game, each player's starting life total is 25 In a multiplayer Brawl game, each player's starting life total is 30

103.4e: In an Archenemy game, the archenemy's starting life total is 40

103.5a: In a Vanguard game, each player's starting hand size is seven plus or minus the hand modifier of their vanguard card.

103.5b: If an effect allows a player to perform an action "any time [that player] could mulligan," the player may perform that action at a time they would declare whether they will take a mulligan. This need not be in the first round of mulligans. Other players may have already made their mulligan declarations by the time the player has the option to perform this action. If the player performs the action, they then declare whether they will take a mulligan.

103.5c: In a multiplayer game and in any Brawl game, the first mulligan a player takes doesn't count toward the number of cards that player will put on the bottom of their library or the number of mulligans that player may take. Subsequent mulligans are counted toward these numbers as normal.

103.5d: In a multiplayer game using the shared team turns option, first each player on the starting team declares whether that player will take a mulligan, then the players on each other team in turn order do the same. Teammates may consult while making their decisions. Then all mulligans are taken at the same time. A player may take a mulligan even after a teammate has decided to keep their opening hand.

103.6a: If a card allows a player to begin the game with that card on the battlefield, the player taking this action puts that card onto the battlefield.

103.6b: If a card allows a player to reveal it from their opening hand, the player taking this action does so. The card remains revealed until the first turn begins. Each card may be revealed this way only once.

103.6c: In a multiplayer game using the shared team turns option, first each player on the starting team, in whatever order that team likes, may take such actions. Teammates may consult while making their decisions. Then each player on each other team in turn order does the same.

103.8a: In a two-player game, the player who plays first skips the draw step (see rule 504 , "Draw Step") of their first turn.

103.8b: In a Two-Headed Giant game, the team who plays first skips the draw step of their first turn.

103.8c: In all other multiplayer games, no player skips the draw step of their first turn.

104.2a: A player still in the game wins the game if that player's opponents have all left the game. This happens immediately and overrides all effects that would preclude that player from winning the game.

104.2b: An effect may state that a player wins the game.

104.2c: In a multiplayer game between teams, a team with at least one player still in the game wins the game if all other teams have left the game. Each player on the winning team wins the game, even if one or more of those players had previously lost that game.

104.2d: In an Emperor game, a team wins the game if its emperor wins the game. (See rule 809.5 )

104.3a: A player can concede the game at any time. A player who concedes leaves the game immediately. That player loses the game.

104.3b: If a player's life total is 0 or less, that player loses the game the next time a player would receive priority. (This is a state-based action. See rule 704 )

104.3c: If a player is required to draw more cards than are left in their library, they draw the remaining cards and then lose the game the next time a player would receive priority. (This is a state-based action. See rule 704 )

104.3d: If a player has ten or more poison counters, that player loses the game the next time a player would receive priority. (This is a state-based action. See rule 704 )

104.3e: An effect may state that a player loses the game.

104.3f: If a player would both win and lose the game simultaneously, that player loses the game.

104.3g: In a multiplayer game between teams, a team loses the game if all players on that team have lost the game.

104.3h: In a multiplayer game using the limited range of influence option (see rule 801 ), an effect that states that a player wins the game instead causes all of that player's opponents within the player's range of influence to lose the game. This may not cause the game to end.

104.3i: In an Emperor game, a team loses the game if its emperor loses the game. (See rule 809.5 )

104.3j: In a Commander game, a player who's been dealt 21 or more combat damage by the same commander over the course of the game loses the game. (This is a state-based action. See rule 704 See also rule 903.10 )

104.3k: In a tournament, a player may lose the game as a result of a penalty given by a judge. See rule 100.6

104.4a: If all the players remaining in a game lose simultaneously, the game is a draw.

104.4b: If a game that's not using the limited range of influence option (including a two-player game) somehow enters a "loop" of mandatory actions, repeating a sequence of events with no way to stop, the game is a draw. Loops that contain an optional action don't result in a draw.

104.4c: An effect may state that the game is a draw.

104.4d: In a multiplayer game between teams, the game is a draw if all remaining teams lose simultaneously.

104.4e: In a multiplayer game using the limited range of influence option, the effect of a spell or ability that states that the game is a draw causes the game to be a draw for that spell or ability's controller and all players within their range of influence. Only those players leave the game; the game continues for all other players.

104.4f: In a multiplayer game using the limited range of influence option, if the game somehow enters a "loop" of mandatory actions, repeating a sequence of events with no way to stop, the game is a draw for each player who controls an object that's involved in that loop, as well as for each player within the range of influence of any of those players. Only those players leave the game; the game continues for all other players.

104.4g: In a multiplayer game between teams, the game is a draw for a team if the game is a draw for all remaining players on that team.

104.4h: In the Emperor variant, the game is a draw for a team if the game is a draw for its emperor. (See rule 809.5 )

104.4i: In a tournament, all players in the game may agree to an intentional draw. See rule 100.6

105.2a: A monocolored object is exactly one of the five colors.

105.2b: A multicolored object is two or more of the five colors.

105.2c: A colorless object has no color.

106.1a: There are five colors of mana: white, blue, black, red, and green.

106.1b: There are six types of mana: white, blue, black, red, green, and colorless.

106.4a: If any mana remains in a player's mana pool after mana is spent to pay a cost, that player announces what mana is still there.

106.4b: If a player passes priority (see rule 117 ) while there is mana in their mana pool, that player announces what mana is there.

106.6a: Some replacement effects increase the amount of mana produced by a spell or ability. In these cases, any restrictions or additional effects created by the spell or ability will apply to all mana produced. If the spell or ability creates a delayed triggered ability that triggers when the mana is spent, a separate delayed triggered ability is created for each mana produced. If the spell or ability creates a continuous effect or replacement effect if the mana is spent, a separate effect is created once for each mana produced.

106.12a: An ability that triggers whenever a permanent "is tapped for mana" or is tapped for mana of a specified type triggers whenever such a mana ability resolves and produces mana or the specified type of mana.

106.12b: A replacement effect that applies if a permanent "is tapped for mana" or tapped for mana of a specific type and/or amount modifies the mana production event while such an ability is resolving and producing mana or the specified type and/or amount of mana.

107.1a: You can't choose a fractional number, deal fractional damage, gain fractional life, and so on. If a spell or ability could generate a fractional number, the spell or ability will tell you whether to round up or down.

107.1b: Most of the time, the Magic game uses only positive numbers and zero. You can't choose a negative number, deal negative damage, gain negative life, and so on. However, it's possible for a game value, such as a creature's power, to be less than zero. If a calculation or comparison needs to use a negative value, it does so. If a calculation that would determine the result of an effect yields a negative number, zero is used instead, unless that effect doubles or sets to a specific value a player's life total or the power and/or toughness of a creature or creature card.

107.1c: If a rule or ability instructs a player to choose "any number," that player may choose any positive number or zero.

107.3a: If a spell or activated ability has a mana cost, alternative cost, additional cost, and/or activation cost with an , [-X], or X in it, and the value of X isn't defined by the text of that spell or ability, the controller of that spell or ability chooses and announces the value of X as part of casting the spell or activating the ability. (See rule 601 , "Casting Spells.") While a spell is on the stack, any X in its mana cost or in any alternative cost or additional cost it has equals the announced value. While an activated ability is on the stack, any X in its activation cost equals the announced value.

107.3b: If a player is casting a spell that has an in its mana cost, the value of X isn't defined by the text of that spell, and an effect lets that player cast that spell while paying neither its mana cost nor an alternative cost that includes X, then the only legal choice for X is 0 This doesn't apply to effects that only reduce a cost, even if they reduce it to zero. See rule 601 , "Casting Spells."

107.3c: If a spell or activated ability has an , [-X], or X in its cost and/or its text, and the value of X is defined by the text of that spell or ability, then that's the value of X while that spell or ability is on the stack. The controller of that spell or ability doesn't get to choose the value. Note that the value of X may change while that spell or ability is on the stack.

107.3d: If a cost associated with a special action, such as a suspend cost or a morph cost, has an or an X in it, the value of X is chosen by the player taking the special action immediately before they pay that cost.

107.3e: If a spell or ability refers to the or X in the mana cost, alternative cost, additional cost, or activation cost of another object, any X in that spell or ability's text uses the value of X chosen or defined for the other object.

107.3f: Sometimes X appears in the text of a spell or ability but not in a mana cost, alternative cost, additional cost, or activation cost. If the value of X isn't defined, the controller of the spell or ability chooses the value of X at the appropriate time (either as it's put on the stack or as it resolves).

107.3g: If a card in any zone other than the stack has an in its mana cost, the value of is treated as 0, even if the value of X is defined somewhere within its text.

107.3h: If an effect instructs a player to pay an object's mana cost that includes , the value of X is treated as 0 unless the object is a spell on the stack. In that case, the value of X is the value chosen or determined for it as the spell was cast.

107.3i: Normally, all instances of X on an object have the same value at any given time.

107.3j: If an object gains an ability, the value of X within that ability is the value defined by that ability, or 0 if that ability doesn't define a value of X. This is an exception to rule 107.3i This may occur with ability-adding effects, text-changing effects, or copy effects.

107.3k: If an object's activated ability has an , [-X], or X in its activation cost, the value of X for that ability is independent of any other values of X chosen for that object or for other instances of abilities of that object. This is an exception to rule 107.3i

107.3m: If an object's enters-the-battlefield triggered ability or replacement effect refers to X, and the spell that became that object as it resolved had a value of X chosen for any of its costs, the value of X for that ability is the same as the value of X for that spell, although the value of X for that permanent is 0 This is an exception to rule 107.3i

107.3n: If a delayed triggered ability created by a resolving spell or ability refers to X, X is not defined in the text of that triggered ability, and the spell or ability that created it had a value of X chosen for any of its costs, the value of X for the triggered ability is the same as the value of X for the spell of ability that created it.

107.3p: Some objects use the letter Y in addition to the letter X. Y follows the same rules as X.

107.4a: There are five primary colored mana symbols: is white, blue, black, red, and green. These symbols are used to represent colored mana, and also to represent colored mana in costs. Colored mana in costs can be paid only with the appropriate color of mana. See rule 202 , "Mana Cost and Color."

107.4b: Numerical symbols (such as ) and variable symbols (such as ) represent generic mana in costs. Generic mana in costs can be paid with any type of mana. For more information about , see rule 107.3

107.4c: The colorless mana symbol is used to represent one colorless mana, and also to represent a cost that can be paid only with one colorless mana.

107.4d: The symbol represents zero mana and is used as a placeholder for a cost that can be paid with no resources. (See rule 118.5 )

107.4e: Hybrid mana symbols are also colored mana symbols. Each one represents a cost that can be paid in one of two ways, as represented by the two halves of the symbol. A hybrid symbol such as can be paid with either white or blue mana, and a monocolored hybrid symbol such as can be paid with either one black mana or two mana of any type. A hybrid mana symbol is all of its component colors.

107.4f: Phyrexian mana symbols are colored mana symbols: is white, is blue, is black, is red, and is green. A Phyrexian mana symbol represents a cost that can be paid either with one mana of its color or by paying 2 life. There are also ten hybrid Phyrexian mana symbols. A hybrid Phyrexian mana symbol represents a cost that can be paid with one mana of either of its component colors or by paying 2 life. A hybrid Phyrexian mana symbol is both of its component colors.

107.4g: In rules text, the Phyrexian symbol with no colored background means any of the fifteen Phyrexian mana symbols.

107.4h: When used in a cost, the snow mana symbol represents a cost that can be paid with one mana of any type produced by a snow source (see rule 106.3 ). Effects that reduce the amount of generic mana you pay don't affect costs. The symbol can also be used to refer to mana of any type produced by a snow source spent to pay a cost. Snow is neither a color nor a type of mana.

107.8a: " [Abilities] [P/T]" means "As long as this creature has at least N1 level counters on it, but no more than N2 level counters on it, it has base power and toughness [P/T] and has [abilities]."

107.8b: " [Abilities] [P/T]" means "As long as this creature has N3 or more level counters on it, it has base power and toughness [P/T] and has [abilities]."

107.15a: " —[Effect]" means "When one or more lore counters are put onto this Saga, if the number of lore counters on it was less than N and became at least N, [effect]."

107.15b: " , —[Effect]" is the same as " —[Effect]" and " —[Effect]."

107.16a: "[Cost]: Level N — [Abilities]" means "[Cost]: This Class's level becomes N. Activate only if this Class is level N-1 and only as a sorcery" and "As long as this Class is level N or greater, it has [abilities]."

107.17a: A ticket symbol with a number inside it represents a ticket cost. To pay that cost, a player removes that many ticket counters from themselves.

108.2a: Most Magic games use only traditional Magic cards, which measure approximately 2.5 inches (6.3 cm) by 3.5 inches (8.8 cm). Traditional Magic cards are included in players' decks. Certain formats also use nontraditional Magic cards. Nontraditional Magic cards are not included in players' decks. They may be used in supplementary decks. Additionally, they may be oversized, have different card backs, or both.

108.2b: Tokens aren't considered cards—even a card-sized game supplement that represents a token isn't considered a card for rules purposes.

108.3a: In a Planechase game using the single planar deck option, the planar controller is considered to be the owner of all cards in the planar deck. See rule 901.6

108.3b: Some spells and abilities allow a player to take cards they own from outside the game and bring them into the game. (See rule 400.11b ) If a card outside that game is involved in a Magic game, its owner is determined as described in rule 108.3 If a card outside that game is in the sideboard of a Magic game (see rule 100.4 ), its owner is considered to be the player who started the game with it in their sideboard. In all other cases, the owner of a card outside the game is its legal owner.

108.4a: If anything asks for the controller of a card that doesn't have one (because it's not a permanent or spell), use its owner instead.

109.2a: If a spell or ability uses a description of an object that includes the word "card" and the name of a zone, it means a card matching that description in the stated zone.

109.2b: If a spell or ability uses a description of an object that includes the word "spell," it means a spell matching that description on the stack.

109.2c: If a spell or ability uses a description of an object that includes the word "source," it means a source matching that description—a source of an ability, of damage, or of mana—in any zone. See rules 113.7 and 609.7

109.2d: If an ability of a scheme card includes the text "this scheme," it means the scheme card in the command zone on which that ability is printed.

109.4a: The controller of a mana ability is determined as though it were on the stack. See rule 605 , "Mana Abilities."

109.4b: A triggered ability that has triggered but is waiting to be placed on the stack is controlled by the player who controlled its source at the time it triggered, unless it's a delayed triggered ability. To determine the controller of a delayed triggered ability, see rules 603.7d -f. See also rule 603, "Handling Triggered Abilities."

109.4c: An emblem is controlled by the player who puts it into the command zone. See rule 114 , "Emblems."

109.4d: In a Planechase game, a face-up plane or phenomenon card is controlled by the player designated as the planar controller. This is usually the active player. See rule 901.6

109.4e: In a Vanguard game, each vanguard card is controlled by its owner. See rule 902.6

109.4f: In an Archenemy game, each scheme card is controlled by its owner. See rule 904.7

109.4g: In a Conspiracy Draft game, each conspiracy card is controlled by its owner. See rule 905.5

110.2a: If an effect instructs a player to put an object onto the battlefield, that object enters the battlefield under that player's control unless the effect states otherwise.

110.2b: If an effect causes a player to gain control of another player's permanent spell, the first player controls the permanent that spell becomes, but the permanent's controller by default is the player who put that spell onto the stack. (This distinction is relevant in multiplayer games; see rule 800.4c )

110.4a: The term "permanent card" is used to refer to a card that could be put onto the battlefield. Specifically, it means an artifact, battle, creature, enchantment, land, or planeswalker card.

110.4b: The term "permanent spell" is used to refer to a spell that will enter the battlefield as a permanent as part of its resolution. Specifically, it means an artifact, battle, creature, enchantment, or planeswalker spell.

110.4c: If a permanent somehow loses all its permanent types, it remains on the battlefield. It's still a permanent.

110.5a: Status is not a characteristic, though it may affect a permanent's characteristics.

110.5b: Permanents enter the battlefield untapped, unflipped, face up, and phased in unless a spell or ability says otherwise.

110.5c: A permanent retains its status until a spell, ability, or turn-based action changes it, even if that status is not relevant to it.

110.5d: Only permanents have status. Cards not on the battlefield do not. Although an exiled card may be face down, this has no correlation to the face-down status of a permanent. Similarly, cards not on the battlefield are neither tapped nor untapped, regardless of their physical state.

111.10a: A Treasure token is a colorless Treasure artifact token with " , Sacrifice this artifact: Add one mana of any color."

111.10b: A Food token is a colorless Food artifact token with " , , Sacrifice this artifact: You gain 3 life."

111.10c: A Gold token is a colorless Gold artifact token with "Sacrifice this artifact: Add one mana of any color."

111.10d: A Walker token is a 2/2 black Zombie creature token named Walker.

111.10e: A Shard token is a colorless Shard enchantment token with " , Sacrifice this enchantment: Scry 1, then draw a card."

111.10f: A Clue token is a colorless Clue artifact token with " , Sacrifice this artifact: Draw a card."

111.10g: A Blood token is a colorless Blood artifact token with " , , Discard a card, Sacrifice this artifact: Draw a card."

111.10h: A Powerstone token is a colorless Powerstone artifact token with " : Add . This mana can't be spent to cast a nonartifact spell."

111.10i: An Incubator token is a transforming double-faced token. Its front face is a colorless Incubator artifact with " : Transform this artifact." Its back face is a 0/0 colorless Phyrexian artifact creature named Phyrexian Token.

111.10j: A Cursed Role token is a colorless Aura Role enchantment token named Cursed with enchant creature and "Enchanted creature has base power and toughness 1/1."

111.10k: A Monster Role token is a colorless Aura Role enchantment token named Monster with enchant creature and "Enchanted creature gets +1/+1 and has trample."

111.10m: A Royal Role token is a colorless Aura Role enchantment token named Royal with enchant creature and "Enchanted creature gets +1/+1 and has ward ."

111.10n: A Sorcerer Role token is a colorless Aura Role enchantment token named Sorcerer with enchant creature and "Enchanted creature gets +1/+1 and has ‘Whenever this creature attacks, scry 1.'"

111.10p: A Virtuous Role token is a colorless Aura Role enchantment token named Virtuous with enchant creature and "Enchanted creature gets +1/+1 for each enchantment you control."

111.10q: A Wicked Role token is a colorless Aura Role enchantment token named Wicked with enchant creature, "Enchanted creature gets +1/+1," and "When this Aura is put into a graveyard from the battlefield, each opponent loses 1 life."

111.10r: A Young Hero Role token is a colorless Aura Role enchantment token named Young Hero with enchant creature and "Enchanted creature has ‘Whenever this creature attacks, if its toughness is 3 or less, put a +1/+1 counter on it.'"

111.10s: A Map token is a colorless Map artifact token with " , , Sacrifice this artifact: Target creature you control explores. Activate only as a sorcery." See rule 701.40 , "Explore."

111.10t: A Junk token is a colorless Junk artifact token with " , Sacrifice this artifact: Exile the top card of your library. You may play that card this turn. Activate only as a sorcery."

112.1a: A copy of a spell is also a spell, even if it has no card associated with it. See rule 707.10

112.1b: Some effects allow a player to cast a copy of a card; if the player does, that copy is a spell as well. See rule 707.12

112.2a: Some effects instruct a player to create a copy of a card and say they may cast it. In that case, the owner of that copy is the player who is instructed to create it and given permission to cast it.

113.1a: An ability can be a characteristic an object has that lets it affect the game. An object's abilities are defined by its rules text or by the effect that created it. Abilities can also be granted to objects by rules or effects. (Effects that grant abilities usually use the words "has," "have," "gains," or "gain.") Abilities generate effects. (See rule 609 , "Effects.")

113.1b: An ability can be something that a player has that changes how the game affects the player. A player normally has no abilities unless granted to that player by effects.

113.1c: An ability can be an activated or triggered ability on the stack. This kind of ability is an object. (See section 6, "Spells, Abilities, and Effects.")

113.2a: Abilities can be beneficial or detrimental.

113.2b: An additional cost or alternative cost to cast a card is an ability of the card.

113.2c: An object may have multiple abilities. If the object is represented by a card, then aside from certain defined abilities that may be strung together on a single line (see rule 702 , "Keyword Abilities"), each paragraph break in a card's text marks a separate ability. If the object is not represented by a card, the effect that created it may have given it multiple abilities. An object may also be granted additional abilities by a spell or ability. If an object has multiple instances of the same ability, each instance functions independently. This may or may not produce more effects than a single instance; refer to the specific ability for more information.

113.2d: Abilities can generate one-shot effects or continuous effects. Some continuous effects are replacement effects or prevention effects. See rule 609 , "Effects."

113.3a: Spell abilities are abilities that are followed as instructions while an instant or sorcery spell is resolving. Any text on an instant or sorcery spell is a spell ability unless it's an activated ability, a triggered ability, or a static ability that fits the criteria described in rule 113.6

113.3b: Activated abilities have a cost and an effect. They are written as "[Cost]: [Effect.] [Activation instructions (if any).]" A player may activate such an ability whenever they have priority. Doing so puts it on the stack, where it remains until it's countered, it resolves, or it otherwise leaves the stack. See rule 602 , "Activating Activated Abilities."

113.3c: Triggered abilities have a trigger condition and an effect. They are written as "[Trigger condition], [effect]," and include (and usually begin with) the word "when," "whenever," or "at." Whenever the trigger event occurs, the ability is put on the stack the next time a player would receive priority and stays there until it's countered, it resolves, or it otherwise leaves the stack. See rule 603 , "Handling Triggered Abilities."

113.3d: Static abilities are written as statements. They're simply true. Static abilities create continuous effects which are active while the permanent with the ability is on the battlefield and has the ability, or while the object with the ability is in the appropriate zone. See rule 604 , "Handling Static Abilities."

113.6a: Characteristic-defining abilities function everywhere, even outside the game and before the game begins. (See rule 604.3 )

113.6b: An ability that states which zones it functions in functions only from those zones.

113.6c: An ability that states which zones it doesn't function in functions everywhere except for the specified zones, even outside the game and before the game begins.

113.6d: An object's ability that allows a player to pay an alternative cost rather than its mana cost or otherwise modifies what that particular object costs to cast functions on the stack.

113.6e: An object's ability that restricts or modifies how that particular object can be played or cast functions in any zone from which it could be played or cast and also on the stack. An object's ability that grants it another ability that restricts or modifies how that particular object can be played or cast functions only on the stack.

113.6f: An object's ability that restricts or modifies what zones that particular object can be played or cast from functions everywhere, even outside the game.

113.6g: An object's ability that states it can't be countered or can't be copied functions on the stack.

113.6h: An object's ability that modifies how that particular object enters the battlefield functions as that object is entering the battlefield. See rule 614.12

113.6i: An object's ability that states counters can't be put on that object functions as that object is entering the battlefield in addition to functioning while that object is on the battlefield.

113.6j: An object's activated ability that has a cost that can't be paid while the object is on the battlefield functions from any zone in which its cost can be paid.

113.6k: A trigger condition that can't trigger from the battlefield functions in all zones it can trigger from. Other trigger conditions of the same triggered ability may function in different zones.

113.6m: An ability whose cost or effect specifies that it moves the object it's on out of a particular zone functions only in that zone, unless its trigger condition or a previous part of its cost or effect specifies that the object is put into that zone or, if the object is an Aura, that the object it enchants leaves the battlefield. The same is true if the effect of that ability creates a delayed triggered ability whose effect moves the object out of a particular zone.

113.6n: An ability that modifies the rules for deck construction functions before the game begins. Such an ability modifies not just the Comprehensive Rules, but also the Magic: The Gathering Tournament Rules and any other documents that set the deck construction rules for a specific format. However, such an ability can't affect the format legality of a card, including whether it's banned or restricted. The current Magic: The Gathering Tournament Rules can be found at WPN.Wizards.com/en/resources/rules-documents.

113.6p: Abilities of emblems, plane cards, vanguard cards, scheme cards, and conspiracy cards function in the command zone. See rule 114 , "Emblems"; rule 901, "Planechase"; rule 902, "Vanguard"; rule 904, "Archenemy"; and rule 905, "Conspiracy Draft."

113.7a: Once activated or triggered, an ability exists on the stack independently of its source. Destruction or removal of the source after that time won't affect the ability. Note that some abilities cause a source to do something (for example, "Prodigal Pyromancer deals 1 damage to any target") rather than the ability doing anything directly. In these cases, any activated or triggered ability that references information about the source for use while announcing an activated ability or putting a triggered ability on the stack checks that information when the ability is put onto the stack. Otherwise, it will check that information when it resolves. In both instances, if the source is no longer in the zone it's expected to be in at that time, its last known information is used. The source can still perform the action even though it no longer exists.

113.10a: An effect that adds an activated ability may include activation instructions for that ability. These instructions become part of the ability that's added to the object.

113.10b: Effects that remove an ability remove all instances of it.

113.10c: If two or more effects add and remove the same ability, in general the most recent one prevails. See rule 613 for more information about the interaction of continuous effects.

115.1a: An instant or sorcery spell is targeted if its spell ability identifies something it will affect by using the phrase "target [something]," where the "something" is a phrase that describes an object and/or player. The target(s) are chosen as the spell is cast; see rule 601.2c (If an activated or triggered ability of an instant or sorcery uses the word target, that ability is targeted, but the spell is not.)

115.1b: Aura spells are always targeted. An Aura's target is specified by its enchant keyword ability (see rule 702.5 , "Enchant"). The target is chosen as the spell is cast; see rule 601.2c An Aura permanent doesn't target anything; only the spell is targeted. (An activated or triggered ability of an Aura permanent can also be targeted.)

115.1c: An activated ability is targeted if it identifies something it will affect by using the phrase "target [something]," where the "something" is a phrase that describes an object and/or player. The target(s) are chosen as the ability is activated; see rule 602.2b

115.1d: A triggered ability is targeted if it identifies something it will affect by using the phrase "target [something]," where the "something" is a phrase that describes an object and/or player. The target(s) are chosen as the ability is put on the stack; see rule 603.3d

115.1e: Some keyword abilities, such as equip and modular, represent targeted activated or triggered abilities, and some keyword abilities, such as mutate, cause spells to have targets. In those cases, the phrase "target [something]" appears in the rule for that keyword ability rather than in the ability itself. (The keyword's reminder text will often contain the word "target.") See rule 702 , "Keyword Abilities."

115.7a: If an effect allows a player to "change the target(s)" of a spell or ability, each target can be changed only to another legal target. If a target can't be changed to another legal target, the original target is unchanged, even if the original target is itself illegal by then. If all the targets aren't changed to other legal targets, none of them are changed.

115.7b: If an effect allows a player to "change a target" of a spell or ability, the process described in rule 115.7a is followed, except that only one of those targets may be changed (rather than all of them or none of them).

115.7c: If an effect allows a player to "change any targets" of a spell or ability, the process described in rule 115.7a is followed, except that any number of those targets may be changed (rather than all of them or none of them).

115.7d: If an effect allows a player to "choose new targets" for a spell or ability, the player may leave any number of the targets unchanged, even if those targets would be illegal. If the player chooses to change some or all of the targets, the new targets must be legal and must not cause any unchanged targets to become illegal.

115.7e: When changing targets or choosing new targets for a spell or ability, only the final set of targets is evaluated to determine whether the change is legal.

115.7f: A spell or ability may "divide" or "distribute" an effect (such as damage or counters) among one or more targets. When changing targets or choosing new targets for that spell or ability, the original division can't be changed.

115.9a: An object that looks for a "[spell or ability] with [a number of] targets" checks the number of times any object or player was chosen as the target of that spell or ability when it was put on the stack, not the number of its targets that are currently legal. If the same object or player became a target more than once, each of those instances is counted separately.

115.9b: An object that looks for a "[spell or ability] that targets [something]" checks the current state of that spell or ability's targets. If an object it targets is still in the zone it's expected to be in or a player it targets is still in the game, that target's current information is used, even if it's not currently legal for that spell or ability. If an object it targets is no longer in the zone it's expected to be in or a player it targets is no longer in the game, that target is ignored; its last known information is not used.

115.9c: An object that looks for a "[spell or ability] that targets only [something]" checks the number of different objects or players that were chosen as targets of that spell or ability when it was put on the stack (as modified by effects that changed those targets), not the number of those objects or players that are currently legal targets. If that number is one (even if the spell or ability targets that object or player multiple times), the current state of that spell or ability's target is checked as described in rule 115.9b

115.10a: Just because an object or player is being affected by a spell or ability doesn't make that object or player a target of that spell or ability. Unless that object or player is identified by the word "target" in the text of that spell or ability, or the rule for that keyword ability, it's not a target.

115.10b: In particular, the word "you" in an object's text doesn't indicate a target.

116.2a: Playing a land is a special action. To play a land, a player puts that land onto the battlefield from the zone it was in (usually that player's hand). By default, a player can take this action only once during each of their turns. A player can take this action any time they have priority and the stack is empty during a main phase of their turn. See rule 305 , "Lands."

116.2b: Turning a face-down creature face up is a special action. A player can take this action any time they have priority. See rule 708 , "Face-Down Spells and Permanents."

116.2c: Some effects allow a player to take an action at a later time, usually to end a continuous effect or to stop a delayed triggered ability from triggering. Doing so is a special action. A player can take such an action any time they have priority, unless that effect specifies another timing restriction, for as long as the effect allows it.

116.2d: Some effects from static abilities allow a player to take an action to ignore the effect from that ability for a duration. Doing so is a special action. A player can take such an action any time they have priority.

116.2e: One card (Circling Vultures) has the ability "You may discard Circling Vultures any time you could cast an instant." Doing so is a special action. A player can take such an action any time they have priority.

116.2f: A player who has a card with suspend in their hand may exile that card. This is a special action. A player can take this action any time they have priority, but only if they could begin to cast that card by putting it onto the stack. See rule 702.62 , "Suspend."

116.2g: A player who has chosen a companion may pay to put that card from outside the game into their hand. This is a special action. A player can take this action any time they have priority and the stack is empty during a main phase of their turn, but only if they haven't done so yet this game. (See rule 702.139 , "Companion.")

116.2h: A player who has a card with foretell in their hand may pay and exile that card face down. This is a special action. A player may take this action any time they have priority during their turn. See rule 702.143 , "Foretell."

116.2i: In a Planechase game, rolling the planar die is a special action. A player can take this action any time they have priority and the stack is empty during a main phase of their turn. Taking this action costs a player an amount of mana equal to the number of times they have previously taken this action on that turn. Note that this number won't be equal to the number of times the player has rolled the planar die that turn if an effect has caused the player to roll the planar die that turn. See rule 901 , "Planechase."

116.2j: In a Conspiracy Draft game, turning a face-down conspiracy card in the command zone face up is a special action. A player can take this action any time they have priority. See rule 905.4a

116.2k: A player who has a card with plot in their hand may exile that card. This is a special action. A player can take this action any time they have priority during their own turn while the stack is empty. See rule 702.170 , "Plot."

117.1a: A player may cast an instant spell any time they have priority. A player may cast a noninstant spell during their main phase any time they have priority and the stack is empty.

117.1b: A player may activate an activated ability any time they have priority.

117.1c: A player may take some special actions any time they have priority. A player may take other special actions during their main phase any time they have priority and the stack is empty. See rule 116 , "Special Actions."

117.1d: A player may activate a mana ability whenever they have priority, whenever they are casting a spell or activating an ability that requires a mana payment, or whenever a rule or effect asks for a mana payment (even in the middle of casting or resolving a spell or activating or resolving an ability).

117.2a: Triggered abilities can trigger at any time, including while a spell is being cast, an ability is being activated, or a spell or ability is resolving. (See rule 603 , "Handling Triggered Abilities.") However, nothing actually happens at the time an ability triggers. Each time a player would receive priority, each ability that has triggered but hasn't yet been put on the stack is put on the stack. See rule 117.5

117.2b: Static abilities continuously affect the game. Priority doesn't apply to them. (See rule 604 , "Handling Static Abilities," and rule 611, "Continuous Effects.")

117.2c: Turn-based actions happen automatically when certain steps or phases begin. They're dealt with before a player would receive priority. See rule 117.3a Turn-based actions also happen automatically when each step and phase ends; no player receives priority afterward. See rule 703 , "Turn-Based Actions."

117.2d: State-based actions happen automatically when certain conditions are met. See rule 704 They're dealt with before a player would receive priority. See rule 117.5

117.2e: Resolving spells and abilities may instruct players to make choices or take actions, or may allow players to activate mana abilities. Even if a player is doing so, no player has priority while a spell or ability is resolving. See rule 608 , "Resolving Spells and Abilities."

117.3a: The active player receives priority at the beginning of most steps and phases, after any turn-based actions (such as drawing a card during the draw step; see rule 703 ) have been dealt with and abilities that trigger at the beginning of that phase or step have been put on the stack. No player receives priority during the untap step. Players usually don't get priority during the cleanup step (see rule 514.3 ).

117.3b: The active player receives priority after a spell or ability (other than a mana ability) resolves.

117.3c: If a player has priority when they cast a spell, activate an ability, or take a special action, that player receives priority afterward.

117.3d: If a player has priority and chooses not to take any actions, that player passes. If any mana is in that player's mana pool, they announce what mana is there. Then the next player in turn order receives priority.

118.3a: Paying mana is done by removing the indicated mana from a player's mana pool. (Players can always pay 0 mana.) If excess mana remains in that player's mana pool after making that payment, the player announces what mana is still there.

118.3b: Paying life is done by subtracting the indicated amount of life from a player's life total. (Players can always pay 0 life.)

118.3c: Activating mana abilities is not mandatory, even if paying a cost is.

118.5a: A spell whose mana cost is must still be cast the same way as one with a cost greater than zero; it won't cast itself automatically. The same is true for an activated ability whose cost is .

118.6a: If an unpayable cost is increased by an effect or an additional cost is imposed, the cost is still unpayable. If an alternative cost is applied to an unpayable cost, including an effect that allows a player to cast a spell without paying its mana cost, the alternative cost may be paid.

118.7a: Effects that reduce a cost by an amount of generic mana affect only the generic mana component of that cost. They can't affect the colored or colorless mana components of that cost.

118.7b: If a cost is reduced by an amount of colored or colorless mana, but the cost doesn't require mana of that type, the cost is reduced by that amount of generic mana.

118.7c: If a cost is reduced by an amount of colored mana that exceeds its mana component of that color, the cost's mana component of that color is reduced to nothing and the cost's generic mana component is reduced by the difference.

118.7d: If a cost is reduced by an amount of colorless mana that exceeds its colorless mana component, the cost's colorless mana component is reduced to nothing and the cost's generic mana component is reduced by the difference.

118.7e: If a cost is reduced by an amount of mana represented by a hybrid mana symbol, the player paying that cost chooses one half of that symbol at the time the cost reduction is applied (see rule 601.2f ). If a colored half is chosen, the cost is reduced by one mana of that color. If a generic half is chosen, the cost is reduced by an amount of generic mana equal to that half's number.

118.7f: If a cost is reduced by an amount of mana represented by a Phyrexian mana symbol, the cost is reduced by one mana of that symbol's color.

118.7g: If a cost is reduced by an amount of mana represented by one or more snow mana symbols, the cost is reduced by that much generic mana.

118.8a: Any number of additional costs may be applied to a spell as it's being cast or to an ability as it's being activated. The controller of the spell or ability announces their intentions to pay any or all of those costs as described in rule 601.2b

118.8b: Some additional costs are optional.

118.8c: If an effect instructs a player to cast a spell "if able," and that spell has a mandatory additional cost that includes actions involving cards with a stated quality in a hidden zone, the player isn't required to cast that spell, even if those cards are present in that zone.

118.8d: Additional costs don't change a spell's mana cost, only what its controller has to pay to cast it. Spells and abilities that ask for that spell's mana cost still see the original value.

118.9a: Only one alternative cost can be applied to any one spell as it's being cast. The controller of the spell announces their intentions to pay that cost as described in rule 601.2b

118.9b: Alternative costs are generally optional. An effect that allows you to cast a spell may require a certain alternative cost to be paid.

118.9c: An alternative cost doesn't change a spell's mana cost, only what its controller has to pay to cast it. Spells and abilities that ask for that spell's mana cost still see the original value.

118.9d: If an alternative cost is being paid to cast a spell, any additional costs, cost increases, and cost reductions that affect that spell are applied to that alternative cost. (See rule 601.2f )

118.12a: Some spells, activated abilities, and triggered abilities read, "[Do something] unless [a player does something else]." This means the same thing as "[A player may do something else]. If [that player doesn't], [do something]."

118.12b: Some effects offer a player a choice to search a zone and take additional actions with the cards found in that zone, followed by an "If [a player] does" clause. This clause checks whether the player chose to search, not whether the player took any of the additional actions.

118.13a: If the mana cost of a spell or the activation cost of an activated ability contains a mana symbol that can be paid in multiple ways, the choice of how to pay for that symbol is made as its controller proposes that spell or ability (see rule 601.2b ).

118.13b: If a cost paid during the resolution of a spell or ability contains a mana symbol that can be paid in multiple ways, the player paying that cost chooses how to pay for that symbol immediately before they pay that cost.

118.13c: If the cost associated with a special action contains a mana symbol that can be paid in multiple ways, the player taking the special action chooses how to pay for that symbol immediately before they pay that cost.

119.1a: In a Two-Headed Giant game, each team's starting life total is 30 See rule 810 , "Two-Headed Giant Variant."

119.1b: In a Vanguard game, each player's starting life total is 20 plus or minus the life modifier of their vanguard card. See rule 902 , "Vanguard."

119.1c: In a Commander game, each player's starting life total is 40 See rule 903 , "Commander."

119.1d: In a two-player Brawl game, each player's starting life total is 25 In a multiplayer Brawl game, each player's starting life total is 30 See rule 903.12 , "Brawl Option."

119.1e: In an Archenemy game, the archenemy's starting life total is 40 See rule 904 , "Archenemy."

119.4a: If a cost or effect allows a player to pay an amount of life greater than 0 in a Two-Headed Giant game, the player may do so only if their team's life total is greater than or equal to the total amount of life both team members are paying for that cost or effect. If a player pays life, the payment is subtracted from their team's life total.

119.4b: Players can always pay 0 life, no matter what their (or their team's) life total is, and even if an effect says players can't pay life.

120.1a: Damage can't be dealt to an object that's not a battle, a creature, or a planeswalker.

120.2a: Damage may be dealt as a result of combat. Each attacking and blocking creature deals combat damage equal to its power during the combat damage step.

120.2b: Damage may be dealt as an effect of a spell or ability. The spell or ability will specify which object deals that damage.

120.3a: Damage dealt to a player by a source without infect causes that player to lose that much life.

120.3b: Damage dealt to a player by a source with infect causes that source's controller to give the player that many poison counters.

120.3c: Damage dealt to a planeswalker causes that many loyalty counters to be removed from that planeswalker.

120.3d: Damage dealt to a creature by a source with wither and/or infect causes that source's controller to put that many -1/-1 counters on that creature.

120.3e: Damage dealt to a creature by a source with neither wither nor infect causes that much damage to be marked on that creature.

120.3f: Damage dealt by a source with lifelink causes that source's controller to gain that much life, in addition to the damage's other results.

120.3g: Combat damage dealt to a player by a creature with toxic causes that creature's controller to give the player a number of poison counters equal to that creature's total toxic value, in addition to the damage's other results. See rule 702.164 , "Toxic."

120.3h: Damage dealt to a battle causes that many defense counters to be removed from that battle.

120.4a: First, if an effect that's causing damage to be dealt states that excess damage that would be dealt to a permanent is dealt to another permanent or player instead, the damage event is modified accordingly. If the first permanent is a creature, the excess damage is the amount of damage in excess of what would be lethal damage, taking into account damage already marked on the creature and damage from other sources that would be dealt at the same time. (See rule 120.6 ) Any amount of damage greater than 1 is excess damage if the source dealing that damage to a creature has deathtouch. (See rule 702.2 ) If the first permanent is a planeswalker, the excess damage is the amount of damage in excess of that planeswalker's loyalty, taking into account damage from other sources that would be dealt at the same time. If the first permanent is a battle, the excess damage is the amount of damage in excess of that battle's defense, taking into account damage from other sources that would be dealt at the same time. If the first permanent has multiple card types from among the list of creature, planeswalker, and battle, the excess damage is the greatest of the calculated amounts for each of the card types it has.

120.4b: Second, damage is dealt, as modified by replacement and prevention effects that interact with damage. (See rule 614 , "Replacement Effects," and rule 615, "Prevention Effects.") Abilities that trigger when damage is dealt trigger now and wait to be put on the stack.

120.4c: Third, damage that's been dealt is processed into its results, as modified by replacement effects that interact with those results (such as life loss or counters).

120.4d: Finally, the damage event occurs.

121.2a: An instruction to draw multiple cards can be modified by replacement effects that refer to the number of cards drawn. This modification occurs before considering any of the individual card draws. See rule 616.1g

121.2b: Some effects say that a player can't draw more than one card each turn. Such an effect applies to individual card draws. Instructions to draw multiple cards may still be partially carried out. However, if an effect offers the player a choice to draw multiple cards, the affected player can't choose to do so. Similarly, the player can't pay a cost that includes drawing multiple cards.

121.2c: If more than one player is instructed to draw cards, the active player performs all of their draws first, then each other player in turn order does the same.

121.2d: If more than one player is instructed to draw cards in a game that's using the shared team turns option (such as a Two-Headed Giant game), first each player on the active team, in whatever order that team likes, performs their draws, then each player on each nonactive team in turn order does the same.

121.3a: The same principles apply if the player who's making the choice is not the player who would draw the card. If the latter player has no cards in their library, the choice can be taken. If an effect says that the latter player can't draw a card, the choice can't be taken.

121.6a: An effect that replaces a card draw is applied even if no cards could be drawn because there are no cards in the affected player's library.

121.6b: If an effect replaces a draw within a sequence of card draws, the replacement effect is completed before resuming the sequence.

121.6c: Some effects perform additional actions on a card after it's drawn. If the draw is replaced, the additional action is not performed on any cards that are drawn as a result of that replacement effect or any subsequent replacement effects.

122.1a: A +X/+Y counter on a creature or on a creature card in a zone other than the battlefield, where X and Y are numbers, adds X to that object's power and Y to that object's toughness. Similarly, -X/-Y counters subtract from power and toughness. See rule 613.4c

122.1b: A keyword counter on a permanent or on a card in a zone other than the battlefield causes that object to gain that keyword. The keywords that a keyword counter can be are flying, first strike, double strike, deathtouch, exalted, haste, hexproof, indestructible, lifelink, menace, reach, shadow, trample, and vigilance, as well as any variants of those keywords. See rule 613.1f

122.1c: One or more shield counters on a permanent create a single replacement effect and a single prevention effect that protect the permanent. These effects are "If this permanent would be destroyed as the result of an effect, instead remove a shield counter from it" and "If damage would be dealt to this permanent, prevent that damage and remove a shield counter from it." See rule 614 , "Replacement Effects," and rule 615, "Prevention Effects."

122.1d: One or more stun counters on a permanent create a single replacement effect that stops the permanent from untapping. That effect is "If a permanent with a stun counter on it would become untapped, instead remove a stun counter from it."

122.1e: The number of loyalty counters on a planeswalker on the battlefield indicates how much loyalty it has. A planeswalker with 0 loyalty is put into its owner's graveyard as a state-based action. See rule 704

122.1f: If a player has ten or more poison counters, that player loses the game as a state-based action. See rule 704 A player is "poisoned" if they have one or more poison counters. (See rule 810 for additional rules for Two-Headed Giant games.)

122.1g: The number of defense counters on a battle on the battlefield indicates how much defense it has. A battle with 0 defense is put into its owner's graveyard if it isn't the source of an ability that has triggered but not yet left the stack. This state-based action doesn't use the stack. See rule 704

122.1h: One or more finality counters on a permanent create a single replacement effect that stops the permanent from going to the graveyard. That effect is "If this permanent would be put into a graveyard from the battlefield, exile it instead."

122.1i: One or more rad counters on a player cause a triggered ability to trigger at the beginning of that player's precombat main phase. See rule 725 , "Rad Counters."

122.6a: If an object enters the battlefield with counters on it, the effect causing the object to be given counters may specify which player puts those counters on it. If the effect doesn't specify a player, the object's controller puts those counters on it.

123.2a: In constructed play, a player who chooses to play with stickers must start the game with at least ten sticker sheets selected before play begins, and each of their sticker sheets must be unique. There is no maximum number of sticker sheets a player may start the game with. Each player playing with sticker sheets reveals all of their sticker sheets and chooses three of them at random. See rule 103 , "Starting the Game."

123.2b: In limited play, each player chooses up to three sticker sheets from among those in the sealed products they opened and reveals them. See rule 103 , "Starting the Game."

123.2c: Each player has access to only the stickers on the chosen sheets during the game, and those sticker sheets remain revealed.

123.3a: Each sticker a player has access to is discrete and is distinct from each other sticker they have access to. Two stickers are never considered to be the same sticker, even if they have the same text or information on them.

123.3b: A player can't put a sticker on an object that they don't own. If an effect would cause them to do so, that part of the effect does nothing.

123.3c: A sticker may have a ticket cost represented by a number inside a ticket symbol (see rule 107.17a ). In order to put a sticker with a ticket cost on an object, the player who owns that object must pay that much . If they don't have that much , they can't put that sticker on an object.

123.3d: If a sticker that is already on an object is moved to another object, that sticker's ticket cost does not need to be paid again.

123.5a: If one or more cards with stickers on them enter the battlefield as part of a melded permanent, all of those stickers are on the permanent that object becomes on the battlefield. They maintain their relative timestamp order.

123.5b: If an object with a sticker on it becomes a component of a merged permanent on the battlefield, that sticker is on that merged permanent.

123.5c: If a melded or merged permanent with one or more stickers on it moves from the battlefield to another public zone, only one of the objects it becomes will retain those stickers. Its owner chooses which of the objects it becomes in its new zone retains any stickers that are on it. Effects from those stickers will continue to apply to only that object.

123.6a: For the purposes of rules and effects related to name stickers, a "word" in an object's name is any series of non-space characters that are separated from other non-space characters by one or more spaces. Hyphenated words and words with punctuation are considered to be one word. Blank lines, such as the one in "Wolf in ________ Clothing," are not considered words in a card's name.

123.6b: As a name sticker is placed on an object, that object's controller chooses a position in that object's name for the word in the name sticker to be added, then announces that object's new name. That word can be added at the beginning of the object's name or after any number of the other words that are currently in its name. The new name can be further modified by other name stickers. If that object has no name, its name becomes the word added by the name sticker. Name stickers never modify or remove any of the other words in that name.

123.6c: The text that a name sticker is modifying may change due to other effects and/or a permanent's face-down status (see rule 708 , "Face-Down Spells and Permanents"). To determine the name of an object with one or more name stickers, start with the object's copiable values, then apply each name sticker's effect and each other text-changing effect in timestamp order. The position of each name sticker will continue to be after the number of words that were before it in the object's name when it was placed. If there are fewer words in the object's current name, the word on that sticker is added at the end of its name instead. The position and timestamp order of each name sticker on an object is remembered as the object that sticker is on moves from one public zone to another, and it continues to apply to the new object it becomes in that zone (see rule 123.5 ). This is an exception to rule 400.7

123.6d: Some effects refer to the number of one or more specific letters on a name sticker. A lowercase letter and its uppercase equivalent are the same letter.

123.6e: Some effects refer to the number of "unique vowels" on a name sticker. These count the number of different vowels that appear on that sticker, even if one or more of them appear more than once. The vowels are A, E, I, O, U, and Y. A lowercase letter and its uppercase equivalent are the same letter.

123.7a: If an effect refers to an ability of an ability sticker, it refers to the ability that sticker grants to the object it is on, even if the object it is on doesn't currently have that ability due to another effect.

123.8a: An effect that refers to the power and/or toughness of a sticker refers only to the printed power and/or toughness values on a power and toughness sticker. It does not refer to any printed value on any other stickers.

201.2a: Two or more objects have the same name if they have at least one name in common, even if one or more of those objects have additional names. An object with no name doesn't have the same name as any other object, including another object with no name.

201.2b: Some spells and abilities refer to two or more objects with different names. Those objects have different names only if each of them has at least one name and no two objects in that group have a name in common.

201.2c: Some spells or abilities check if one object has a different name than a second object or group of objects. The first object has a different name than those objects if the first object has at least one name and has no names in common with any of the other objects, even if one or more of the other objects have no names. If the first object has no name, it does not have a different name than any of the other objects, even if those other objects themselves have names.

201.3a: For the purposes of all rules, abilities, and effects that refer to a card's name, objects with interchangeable names have the same name. (See rules 201.2a -b.)

201.3b: For the purposes of deck construction and format legality, cards with interchangeable names have the same name.

201.3c: If a card has later printings with interchangeable names, the later printings will have an interchangeable names indicator in the bottom left-hand corner referring to the original printing's three-letter set code and collector number (see rule 213.1d ).

201.4a: If a player is instructed to choose a card name with certain characteristics, the player must choose the name of a card whose Oracle text matches those characteristics. (See rule 108.1 )

201.4b: If a player wants to choose the name of a split card, the player must choose the name of one of its halves, but not both. (See rule 709 ) If a player is instructed to choose a card name with certain characteristics, use only that half's characteristics to determine if this name can be chosen.

201.4c: If a player wants to choose a flip card's alternative name, the player may do so. (See rule 710 ) If a player is instructed to choose a card name with certain characteristics, use the card's characteristics as modified by its alternative characteristics to determine if this name can be chosen.

201.4d: If a player wants to choose the name of the back face of a double-faced card, the player may do so. (See rule 712 ) If a player is instructed to choose a card name with certain characteristics, use only the characteristics of the back face to determine if this name can be chosen.

201.4e: If a player wants to choose the name of the combined back face of a meld pair, the player may do so. (See rule 713 ) If a player is instructed to choose a card name with certain characteristics, use only the characteristics of the combined back face to determine if this name can be chosen.

201.4f: If a player wants to choose an adventurer card's alternative name, the player may do so. (See rule 715 ) If a player is instructed to choose a card name with certain characteristics, use the card's characteristics as modified by its alternative characteristics to determine if this name can be chosen.

201.4g: Some cards have interchangeable names (see rule 201.3 ). For all game purposes, these cards have the same name. If a player chooses the name of a card which has interchangeable names, the name of each of those cards has been chosen.

201.5a: If an ability's effect grants another ability to an object, and that second ability refers to that first ability's source by name, the name refers only to the specific object which is that first ability's source. The second ability does not refer to any other object with the same name as the first ability's source. However, if the second ability also moved the first ability's source to a different public zone, the name refers to the object the source became in its new zone. This is also true if the second ability is copied onto a new object.

201.5b: If an ability of an object refers to that object by name, and an object with a different name gains that ability, each instance of the first name in the gained ability that refers to the first object by name should be treated as the second name.

201.5c: Text printed on some cards refers to that card by a shortened version of its name. Instances of a card's shortened name used in this manner are treated as though they used the card's full name.

202.1a: The mana cost of an object represents what a player must spend from their mana pool to cast that card. Unless an object's mana cost includes Phyrexian mana symbols (see rule 107.4f ), paying that mana cost requires matching the type of any colored or colorless mana symbols as well as paying the generic mana indicated in the cost.

202.1b: Some objects have no mana cost. This normally includes all land cards, any other cards that have no mana symbols where their mana cost would appear, tokens (unless the effect that creates them specifies otherwise), and nontraditional Magic cards. Having no mana cost represents an unpayable cost (see rule 118.6 ). Note that lands are played without paying any costs (see rule 305 , "Lands").

202.2a: The five colors are white, blue, black, red, and green. The white mana symbol is represented by , blue by , black by , red by , and green by .

202.2b: Objects with no colored mana symbols in their mana costs are colorless.

202.2c: An object with two or more different colored mana symbols in its mana cost is each of the colors of those mana symbols. Most multicolored cards are printed with a gold frame, but this is not a requirement for a card to be multicolored.

202.2d: An object with one or more hybrid mana symbols and/or Phyrexian mana symbols in its mana cost is all of the colors of those mana symbols, in addition to any other colors the object might be. (Most cards with hybrid mana symbols in their mana costs are printed in a two-tone frame. See rule 107.4e )

202.2e: An object may have a color indicator printed to the left of the type line. That object is each color denoted by that color indicator. (See rule 204 )

202.2f: Effects may change an object's color, give a color to a colorless object, or make a colored object become colorless; see rule 105.3

202.3a: The mana value of an object with no mana cost is 0, unless that object is the back face of a transforming double-faced permanent or is a melded permanent.

202.3b: The mana value of a transforming double-faced permanent or spell's back face is calculated as though it had the mana cost of its front face. If a permanent or spell is a copy of the back face of a transforming double-faced card (even if the card representing that copy is itself a double-faced card), the mana value of the copy is 0

202.3c: The mana value of a melded permanent is calculated as though it had the combined mana cost of the front faces of each card that represents it. If a permanent is a copy of a melded permanent (even if that copy is represented by two other meld cards), the mana value of the copy is 0

202.3d: The mana value of a split card not on the stack or of a fused split spell on the stack is determined from the combined mana costs of its halves. Otherwise, while a split card is on the stack, the mana value of the spell is determined by the mana cost of the half that was chosen to be cast. See rule 709 , "Split Cards."

202.3e: When calculating the mana value of an object with an in its mana cost, X is treated as 0 while the object is not on the stack, and X is treated as the number chosen for it while the object is on the stack.

202.3f: When calculating the mana value of an object with a hybrid mana symbol in its mana cost, use the largest component of each hybrid symbol.

202.3g: Each Phyrexian mana symbol in a card's mana cost contributes 1 to its mana value.

205.1a: Some effects set an object's card type. In most such cases, the new card type(s) replaces any existing card types. However, an object with either the instant or sorcery card type retains that type. Counters, stickers, effects, and damage marked on the object remain with it, even if they are meaningless to the new card type. Similarly, when an effect sets one or more of an object's subtypes, the new subtype(s) replaces any existing subtypes from the appropriate set (creature types, land types, artifact types, enchantment types, planeswalker types, or spell types). If an object's card type is removed, the subtypes correlated with that card type will remain if they are also the subtypes of a card type the object currently has; otherwise, they are also removed for the entire time the object's card type is removed. Removing an object's subtype doesn't affect its card types at all.

205.1b: Some effects change an object's card type, supertype, or subtype but specify that the object retains a prior card type, supertype, or subtype. In such cases, all the object's prior card types, supertypes, and subtypes are retained. This rule applies to effects that use phrases such as "in addition to its other types" or that state that something is "still a [type, supertype, or subtype]." Some effects state that an object becomes an "artifact creature"; these effects also allow the object to retain all of its prior card types and subtypes. Some effects state that an object becomes a "[creature type or types] artifact creature"; these effects also allow the object to retain all of its prior card types and subtypes other than creature types, but replace any existing creature types.

205.2a: The card types are artifact, battle, conspiracy, creature, dungeon, enchantment, instant, kindred, land, phenomenon, plane, planeswalker, scheme, sorcery, and vanguard. See section 3, "Card Types."

205.2b: Some objects have more than one card type (for example, an artifact creature). Such objects satisfy the criteria for any effect that applies to any of their card types.

205.2c: Tokens have card types even though they aren't cards. The same is true of copies of spells and copies of cards.

205.3a: A card can have one or more subtypes printed on its type line.

205.3b: Subtypes of each card type except creature and plane are always single words and are listed after a long dash. Each word after the dash is a separate subtype. Subtypes of creature cards are one or two words and are listed after a long dash. Each word or two-word phrase, as listed in rule 205.3m , is a separate subtype. Objects other than planes may have multiple subtypes. Subtypes of planes are also listed after a long dash, but may be multiple words; all words after the dash are, collectively, a single subtype.

205.3c: If a card with multiple card types has one or more subtypes, each subtype is correlated to its appropriate card type.

205.3d: An object can't gain a subtype that doesn't correspond to one of that object's types.

205.3e: If an effect instructs a player to choose a subtype, that player must choose one, and only one, existing subtype, and the subtype must be for the appropriate card type. For example, the player can't choose a land type if an instruction requires choosing a creature type.

205.3f: Many cards were printed with subtypes that are now obsolete. Many cards have retroactively received subtypes. Use the Oracle card reference to determine what a card's subtypes are. (See rule 108.1 )

205.3g: Artifacts have their own unique set of subtypes; these subtypes are called artifact types. The artifact types are Attraction (see rule 717 ), Blood, Bobblehead, Clue, Contraption, Equipment (see rule 301.5 ), Food, Fortification (see rule 301.6 ), Gold, Incubator, Junk, Map, Powerstone, Treasure, and Vehicle (see rule 301.7 ).

205.3h: Enchantments have their own unique set of subtypes; these subtypes are called enchantment types. The enchantment types are Aura (see rule 303.4 ), Background, Cartouche, Case (see rule 719 ), Class (see rule 716 ), Curse, Role (see rule 303.7 ), Rune, Saga (see rule 714 ), Shard, and Shrine.

205.3i: Lands have their own unique set of subtypes; these subtypes are called land types. The land types are Cave, Desert, Forest, Gate, Island, Lair, Locus, Mine, Mountain, Plains, Power-Plant, Sphere, Swamp, Tower, and Urza's. Of that list, Forest, Island, Mountain, Plains, and Swamp are the basic land types. See rule 305.6

205.3j: Planeswalkers have their own unique set of subtypes; these subtypes are called planeswalker types. The planeswalker types are Ajani, Aminatou, Angrath, Arlinn, Ashiok, Bahamut, Basri, Bolas, Calix, Chandra, Comet, Dack, Dakkon, Daretti, Davriel, Dihada, Domri, Dovin, Ellywick, Elminster, Elspeth, Estrid, Freyalise, Garruk, Gideon, Grist, Guff, Huatli, Jace, Jared, Jaya, Jeska, Kaito, Karn, Kasmina, Kaya, Kiora, Koth, Liliana, Lolth, Lukka, Minsc, Mordenkainen, Nahiri, Narset, Niko, Nissa, Nixilis, Oko, Ral, Rowan, Saheeli, Samut, Sarkhan, Serra, Sivitri, Sorin, Szat, Tamiyo, Tasha, Teferi, Teyo, Tezzeret, Tibalt, Tyvar, Ugin, Urza, Venser, Vivien, Vraska, Vronos, Will, Windgrace, Wrenn, Xenagos, Yanggu, Yanling, and Zariel.

205.3k: Instants and sorceries share their lists of subtypes; these subtypes are called spell types. The spell types are Adventure, Arcane, Lesson, and Trap.

205.3m: Creatures and kindreds share their lists of subtypes; these subtypes are called creature types. One creature type is two words long: Time Lord. All other creature types are one word long: Advisor, Aetherborn, Alien, Ally, Angel, Antelope, Ape, Archer, Archon, Armadillo, Army, Artificer, Assassin, Assembly-Worker, Astartes, Atog, Aurochs, Avatar, Azra, Badger, Balloon, Barbarian, Bard, Basilisk, Bat, Bear, Beast, Beaver, Beeble, Beholder, Berserker, Bird, Blinkmoth, Boar, Bringer, Brushwagg, Camarid, Camel, Capybara, Caribou, Carrier, Cat, Centaur, Child, Chimera, Citizen, Cleric, Clown, Cockatrice, Construct, Coward, Coyote, Crab, Crocodile, C'tan, Custodes, Cyberman, Cyclops, Dalek, Dauthi, Demigod, Demon, Deserter, Detective, Devil, Dinosaur, Djinn, Doctor, Dog, Dragon, Drake, Dreadnought, Drone, Druid, Dryad, Dwarf, Efreet, Egg, Elder, Eldrazi, Elemental, Elephant, Elf, Elk, Employee, Eye, Faerie, Ferret, Fish, Flagbearer, Fox, Fractal, Frog, Fungus, Gamer, Gargoyle, Germ, Giant, Gith, Gnoll, Gnome, Goat, Goblin, God, Golem, Gorgon, Graveborn, Gremlin, Griffin, Guest, Hag, Halfling, Hamster, Harpy, Hellion, Hippo, Hippogriff, Homarid, Homunculus, Horror, Horse, Human, Hydra, Hyena, Illusion, Imp, Incarnation, Inkling, Inquisitor, Insect, Jackal, Jellyfish, Juggernaut, Kavu, Kirin, Kithkin, Knight, Kobold, Kor, Kraken, Llama, Lamia, Lammasu, Leech, Leviathan, Lhurgoyf, Licid, Lizard, Manticore, Masticore, Mercenary, Merfolk, Metathran, Minion, Minotaur, Mite, Mole, Monger, Mongoose, Monk, Monkey, Moonfolk, Mount, Mouse, Mutant, Myr, Mystic, Nautilus, Necron, Nephilim, Nightmare, Nightstalker, Ninja, Noble, Noggle, Nomad, Nymph, Octopus, Ogre, Ooze, Orb, Orc, Orgg, Otter, Ouphe, Ox, Oyster, Pangolin, Peasant, Pegasus, Pentavite, Performer, Pest, Phelddagrif, Phoenix, Phyrexian, Pilot, Pincher, Pirate, Plant, Porcupine, Possum, Praetor, Primarch, Prism, Processor, Rabbit, Raccoon, Ranger, Rat, Rebel, Reflection, Rhino, Rigger, Robot, Rogue, Sable, Salamander, Samurai, Sand, Saproling, Satyr, Scarecrow, Scientist, Scion, Scorpion, Scout, Sculpture, Serf, Serpent, Servo, Shade, Shaman, Shapeshifter, Shark, Sheep, Siren, Skeleton, Skunk, Slith, Sliver, Sloth, Slug, Snail, Snake, Soldier, Soltari, Spawn, Specter, Spellshaper, Sphinx, Spider, Spike, Spirit, Splinter, Sponge, Squid, Squirrel, Starfish, Surrakar, Survivor, Synth, Tentacle, Tetravite, Thalakos, Thopter, Thrull, Tiefling, Treefolk, Trilobite, Triskelavite, Troll, Turtle, Tyranid, Unicorn, Vampire, Varmint, Vedalken, Volver, Wall, Walrus, Warlock, Warrior, Weasel, Weird, Werewolf, Whale, Wizard, Wolf, Wolverine, Wombat, Worm, Wraith, Wurm, Yeti, Zombie, and Zubera.

205.3n: Planes have their own unique set of subtypes; these subtypes are called planar types. The planar types are The Abyss, Alara, Alfava Metraxis, Amonkhet, Androzani Minor, Antausia, Apalapucia, Arcavios, Arkhos, Azgol, Belenon, Bolas's Meditation Realm, Capenna, Cridhe, The Dalek Asylum, Darillium, Dominaria, Earth, Echoir, Eldraine, Equilor, Ergamon, Fabacin, Fiora, Gallifrey, Gargantikar, Gobakhan, Horsehead Nebula, Ikoria, Innistrad, Iquatana, Ir, Ixalan, Kaladesh, Kaldheim, Kamigawa, Kandoka, Karsus, Kephalai, Kinshala, Kolbahan, Kylem, Kyneth, The Library, Lorwyn, Luvion, Mars, Mercadia, Mirrodin, Moag, Mongseng, Moon, Muraganda, Necros, New Earth, New Phyrexia, Outside Mutter's Spiral, Phyrexia, Pyrulea, Rabiah, Rath, Ravnica, Regatha, Segovia, Serra's Realm, Shadowmoor, Shandalar, Shenmeng, Skaro, Spacecraft, Tarkir, Theros, Time, Trenzalore, Ulgrotha, Unknown Planet, Valla, Vryn, Wildfire, Xerex, Zendikar, and Zhalfir.

205.3p: One dungeon card (Undercity) has a subtype; this subtype is called a dungeon type. That dungeon type is Undercity.

205.3q: Battles have a unique subtype, called a battle type. That battle type is Siege.

205.3r: Phenomenon cards, scheme cards, vanguard cards, and conspiracy cards have no subtypes.

205.4a: An object can have one or more supertypes. A card's supertypes are printed directly before its card types. The supertypes are basic, legendary, ongoing, snow, and world.

205.4b: An object's supertype is independent of its card type and subtype, even though some supertypes are closely identified with specific card types. Changing an object's card types or subtypes won't change its supertypes. Changing an object's supertypes won't change its card types or subtypes. When an object gains or loses a supertype, it retains any other supertypes it had.

205.4c: Any land with the supertype "basic" is a basic land. Any land that doesn't have this supertype is a nonbasic land, even if it has a basic land type. Cards printed in sets prior to the Eighth Edition core set didn't use the word "basic" to indicate a basic land. Cards from those sets with the following names are basic lands and have received errata in the Oracle card reference accordingly: Forest, Island, Mountain, Plains, Swamp, Snow-Covered Forest, Snow-Covered Island, Snow-Covered Mountain, Snow-Covered Plains, and Snow-Covered Swamp.

205.4d: Any permanent with the supertype "legendary" is subject to the state-based action for legendary permanents, also called the "legend rule" (see rule 704.5j ).

205.4e: Any instant or sorcery spell with the supertype "legendary" is subject to a casting restriction. A player can't cast a legendary instant or sorcery spell unless that player controls a legendary creature or a legendary planeswalker.

205.4f: Any permanent with the supertype "world" is subject to the state-based action for world permanents, also called the "world rule" (see rule 704.5k ).

205.4g: Any permanent with the supertype "snow" is a snow permanent. Any permanent that doesn't have this supertype is a nonsnow permanent, regardless of its name.

205.4h: Any scheme card with the supertype "ongoing" is exempt from the state-based action for schemes (see rule 704.6e ).

206.3a: One card (City in a Bottle) refers to permanents and cards with a name originally printed in the Arabian Nights(tm) expansion. Those names are Abu Ja'far, Aladdin, Aladdin's Lamp, Aladdin's Ring, Ali Baba, Ali from Cairo, Army of Allah, Bazaar of Baghdad, Bird Maiden, Bottle of Suleiman, Brass Man, Camel, City in a Bottle, City of Brass, Cuombajj Witches, Cyclone, Dancing Scimitar, Dandân, Desert, Desert Nomads, Desert Twister, Diamond Valley, Drop of Honey, Ebony Horse, Elephant Graveyard, El-Hajjâj, Erg Raiders, Erhnam Djinn, Eye for an Eye, Fishliver Oil, Flying Carpet, Flying Men, Ghazbán Ogre, Giant Tortoise, Guardian Beast, Hasran Ogress, Hurr Jackal, Ifh-Biff Efreet, Island Fish Jasconius, Island of Wak-Wak, Jandor's Ring, Jandor's Saddlebags, Jeweled Bird, Jihad, Junún Efreet, Juzám Djinn, Khabál Ghoul, King Suleiman, Kird Ape, Library of Alexandria, Magnetic Mountain, Merchant Ship, Metamorphosis, Mijae Djinn, Moorish Cavalry, Nafs Asp, Oasis, Old Man of the Sea, Oubliette, Piety, Pyramids, Repentant Blacksmith, Ring of Ma'rûf, Rukh Egg, Sandals of Abdallah, Sandstorm, Serendib Djinn, Serendib Efreet, Shahrazad, Sindbad, Singing Tree, Sorceress Queen, Stone-Throwing Devils, Unstable Mutation, War Elephant, Wyluli Wolf, and Ydwen Efreet.

206.3b: One card (Golgothian Sylex) refers to permanents with a name originally printed in the Antiquities(tm) expansion. Those names are Amulet of Kroog, Argivian Archaeologist, Argivian Blacksmith, Argothian Pixies, Argothian Treefolk, Armageddon Clock, Artifact Blast, Artifact Possession, Artifact Ward, Ashnod's Altar, Ashnod's Battle Gear, Ashnod's Transmogrant, Atog, Battering Ram, Bronze Tablet, Candelabra of Tawnos, Circle of Protection: Artifacts, Citanul Druid, Clay Statue, Clockwork Avian, Colossus of Sardia, Coral Helm, Crumble, Cursed Rack, Damping Field, Detonate, Drafna's Restoration, Dragon Engine, Dwarven Weaponsmith, Energy Flux, Feldon's Cane, Gaea's Avenger, Gate to Phyrexia, Goblin Artisans, Golgothian Sylex, Grapeshot Catapult, Haunting Wind, Hurkyl's Recall, Ivory Tower, Jalum Tome, Martyrs of Korlis, Mightstone, Millstone, Mishra's Factory, Mishra's War Machine, Mishra's Workshop, Obelisk of Undoing, Onulet, Orcish Mechanics, Ornithopter, Phyrexian Gremlins, Power Artifact, Powerleech, Priest of Yawgmoth, Primal Clay, The Rack, Rakalite, Reconstruction, Reverse Polarity, Rocket Launcher, Sage of Lat-Nam, Shapeshifter, Shatterstorm, Staff of Zegon, Strip Mine, Su-Chi, Tablet of Epityr, Tawnos's Coffin, Tawnos's Wand, Tawnos's Weaponry, Tetravus, Titania's Song, Transmute Artifact, Triskelion, Urza's Avenger, Urza's Chalice, Urza's Mine, Urza's Miter, Urza's Power Plant, Urza's Tower, Wall of Spears, Weakstone, Xenic Poltergeist, Yawgmoth Demon, and Yotian Soldier.

206.3c: One card (Apocalypse Chime) refers to permanents with a name originally printed in the Homelands(tm) expansion. Those names are Abbey Gargoyles; Abbey Matron; Aether Storm; Aliban's Tower; Ambush; Ambush Party; Anaba Ancestor; Anaba Bodyguard; Anaba Shaman; Anaba Spirit Crafter; An-Havva Constable; An-Havva Inn; An-Havva Township; An-Zerrin Ruins; Apocalypse Chime; Autumn Willow; Aysen Abbey; Aysen Bureaucrats; Aysen Crusader; Aysen Highway; Baki's Curse; Baron Sengir; Beast Walkers; Black Carriage; Broken Visage; Carapace; Castle Sengir; Cemetery Gate; Chain Stasis; Chandler; Clockwork Gnomes; Clockwork Steed; Clockwork Swarm; Coral Reef; Dark Maze; Daughter of Autumn; Death Speakers; Didgeridoo; Drudge Spell; Dry Spell; Dwarven Pony; Dwarven Sea Clan; Dwarven Trader; Ebony Rhino; Eron the Relentless; Evaporate; Faerie Noble; Feast of the Unicorn; Feroz's Ban; Folk of An-Havva; Forget; Funeral March; Ghost Hounds; Giant Albatross; Giant Oyster; Grandmother Sengir; Greater Werewolf; Hazduhr the Abbot; Headstone; Heart Wolf; Hungry Mist; Ihsan's Shade; Irini Sengir; Ironclaw Curse; Jinx; Joven; Joven's Ferrets; Joven's Tools; Koskun Falls; Koskun Keep; Labyrinth Minotaur; Leaping Lizard; Leeches; Mammoth Harness; Marjhan; Memory Lapse; Merchant Scroll; Mesa Falcon; Mystic Decree; Narwhal; Orcish Mine; Primal Order; Prophecy; Rashka the Slayer; Reef Pirates; Renewal; Retribution; Reveka, Wizard Savant; Root Spider; Roots; Roterothopter; Rysorian Badger; Samite Alchemist; Sea Sprite; Sea Troll; Sengir Autocrat; Sengir Bats; Serra Aviary; Serra Bestiary; Serra Inquisitors; Serra Paladin; Serrated Arrows; Shrink; Soraya the Falconer; Spectral Bears; Timmerian Fiends; Torture; Trade Caravan; Truce; Veldrane of Sengir; Wall of Kelp; Willow Faerie; Willow Priestess; Winter Sky; and Wizards' School.

207.2a: Reminder text is italicized text within parentheses that summarizes a rule that applies to that card. It usually appears on the same line as the ability it's relevant to, but it may appear on its own line if it applies to an aspect of the card other than an ability.

207.2b: Flavor text is italicized text that, like the illustration, adds artistic appeal to the game. It usually appears below the rules text.

207.2c: An ability word appears in italics at the beginning of some abilities. Ability words are similar to keywords in that they tie together cards that have similar functionality, but they have no special rules meaning and no individual entries in the Comprehensive Rules. The ability words are adamant, addendum, alliance, battalion, bloodrush, celebration, channel, chroma, cohort, constellation, converge, council's dilemma, coven, delirium, descend 4, descend 8, domain, eminence, enrage, fateful hour, fathomless descent, ferocious, formidable, grandeur, hellbent, heroic, imprint, inspired, join forces, kinship, landfall, lieutenant, magecraft, metalcraft, morbid, pack tactics, paradox, parley, radiance, raid, rally, revolt, secret council, spell mastery, strive, sweep, tempting offer, threshold, undergrowth, valiant, and will of the council.

207.2d: Similar to ability words, flavor words appear in italics at the beginning of some abilities. Flavor words provide a flavorful description of abilities, but they have no special rules meaning and are not listed in the Comprehensive Rules. While an ability word ties together several abilities with similar functionality, each flavor word is tailored to the specific ability it appears with.

208.2a: The card may have a characteristic-defining ability that sets its power and/or toughness according to some stated condition. (See rule 604.3 ) Such an ability is worded "[This creature's] [power or toughness] is equal to . . ." or "[This creature's] power and toughness are each equal to . . ." This ability functions everywhere, even outside the game. If the ability needs to use a number that can't be determined, including inside a calculation, use 0 instead of that number.

208.2b: The card may have a static ability that creates a replacement effect that sets the creature's power and toughness to one of a number of specific values as it enters the battlefield or is turned face up. (See rule 614 , "Replacement Effects.") Such an ability is worded "As [this creature] enters . . . ," "As [this creature] is turned face up . . . ," or "[This creature] enters as . . ." and lists two or more specific power and toughness values (and may also list additional characteristics). The characteristics chosen or determined with these effects affect the creature's copiable values. (See rule 707.2 ) While the card isn't on the battlefield, its power and toughness are each considered to be 0

208.3a: If an effect would be created that sets the base power and/or toughness of a noncreature permanent, or otherwise modifies its power and/or toughness, that effect is created even though it doesn't do anything unless that permanent becomes a creature.

208.4a: Effects that set a creature's power and/or toughness to specific values may refer to base power and/or toughness. Other continuous effects may further modify the creature's power and toughness. See rule 613 , "Interaction of Continuous Effects."

208.4b: Some effects check a creature's base power and/or toughness. These effects see that creature's characteristics after applying any characteristic-defining abilities and abilities that set power and/or toughness, ignoring any effects and counters that modify power and/or toughness without setting them. See rule 613 , "Interaction of Continuous Effects."

213.1a: Most card sets feature collector numbers. This information is printed in the form [card number]/[total cards in the set] or simply [card number]. Some cards, such as unique cards in Planeswalker Decks®, have card numbers that exceed the listed total number of cards.

213.1b: A card's rarity is indicated with a single letter following the collector number.

213.1c: Some promotional cards include information to indicate the specific promotion the card is associated with.

213.1d: Some cards with interchangeable names include information about a specific version of a card with that interchangeable name. See rule 201.3

213.1e: The three-character code representing the set in which a card is printed and the two-character code representing the language in which a card is printed are separated by a bullet point. If a card is premium, these codes are instead separated by a star.

213.1f: The illustration credit for a card follows the paintbrush icon or, on older cards, the abbreviation "Illus."

213.1g: Legal text (the fine print at the bottom or bottom-right of the card) lists the trademark and copyright information.

300.2a: An object that's both a land and another card type (for example, an artifact land) can only be played as a land. It can't be cast as a spell.

300.2b: Each kindred card has another card type. Casting and resolving a kindred card follow the rules for casting and resolving a card of the other card type.

301.5a: The creature an Equipment is attached to is called the "equipped creature." The Equipment is attached to, or "equips," that creature.

301.5b: Equipment spells are cast like other artifact spells. Equipment enter the battlefield like other artifacts. They don't enter the battlefield attached to a creature. The equip keyword ability attaches the Equipment to a creature you control (see rule 702.6 , "Equip"). Control of the creature matters only when the equip ability is activated and when it resolves. Spells and other abilities may also attach an Equipment to a creature. If an effect attempts to attach an Equipment to an object that can't be equipped by it, the Equipment doesn't move.

301.5c: An Equipment that's also a creature can't equip a creature unless that Equipment has reconfigure (see rule 702.151 , "Reconfigure"). An Equipment that loses the subtype "Equipment" can't equip a creature. An Equipment can't equip itself. An Equipment that equips an illegal or nonexistent permanent becomes unattached from that permanent but remains on the battlefield. (This is a state-based action. See rule 704 ) An Equipment can't equip more than one creature. If a spell or ability would cause an Equipment to equip more than one creature, the Equipment's controller chooses which creature it equips.

301.5d: An Equipment's controller is separate from the equipped creature's controller; the two need not be the same. Changing control of the creature doesn't change control of the Equipment, and vice versa. Only the Equipment's controller can activate its abilities. However, if the Equipment grants an ability to the equipped creature (with "gains" or "has"), the equipped creature's controller is the only one who can activate that ability.

301.5e: If an effect attempts to put an Equipment that isn't also an Aura (see rule 303.4i ) onto the battlefield attached to either an object it can't legally equip or an object that is undefined, the Equipment enters the battlefield unattached. If the Equipment is a token, it's created and enters the battlefield unattached.

301.5f: An ability of a permanent that refers to the "equipped creature" refers to whatever creature that permanent is attached to, even if the permanent with the ability isn't an Equipment.

301.7a: Each Vehicle has a printed power and toughness, but it has these characteristics only if it's also a creature. See rule 208.3

301.7b: If a Vehicle becomes a creature, it immediately has its printed power and toughness. Other effects, including the effect that makes it a creature, may modify these values or set them to different values.

302.4a: A creature's power is the amount of damage it deals in combat.

302.4b: A creature's toughness is the amount of damage needed to destroy it.

302.4c: To determine a creature's power and toughness, start with the numbers printed in its lower right corner, then apply any applicable continuous effects. (See rule 613 , "Interaction of Continuous Effects.")

303.4a: An Aura spell requires a target, which is defined by its enchant ability.

303.4b: The object or player an Aura is attached to is called enchanted. The Aura is attached to, or "enchants," that object or player.

303.4c: If an Aura is enchanting an illegal object or player as defined by its enchant ability and other applicable effects, the object it was attached to no longer exists, or the player it was attached to has left the game, the Aura is put into its owner's graveyard. (This is a state-based action. See rule 704 )

303.4d: An Aura can't enchant itself. If this occurs somehow, the Aura is put into its owner's graveyard. An Aura that's also a creature can't enchant anything. If this occurs somehow, the Aura becomes unattached, then is put into its owner's graveyard. (These are state-based actions. See rule 704 ) An Aura can't enchant more than one object or player. If a spell or ability would cause an Aura to become attached to more than one object or player, the Aura's controller chooses which object or player it becomes attached to.

303.4e: An Aura's controller is separate from the enchanted object's controller or the enchanted player; the two need not be the same. If an Aura enchants an object, changing control of the object doesn't change control of the Aura, and vice versa. Only the Aura's controller can activate its abilities. However, if the Aura grants an ability to the enchanted object (with "gains" or "has"), the enchanted object's controller is the only one who can activate that ability.

303.4f: If an Aura is entering the battlefield under a player's control by any means other than by resolving as an Aura spell, and the effect putting it onto the battlefield doesn't specify the object or player the Aura will enchant, that player chooses what it will enchant as the Aura enters the battlefield. The player must choose a legal object or player according to the Aura's enchant ability and any other applicable effects.

303.4g: If an Aura is entering the battlefield and there is no legal object or player for it to enchant, the Aura remains in its current zone, unless that zone is the stack. In that case, the Aura is put into its owner's graveyard instead of entering the battlefield. If the Aura is a token, it isn't created.

303.4h: If an effect attempts to put a permanent that isn't an Aura, Equipment, or Fortification onto the battlefield attached to an object or player, it enters the battlefield unattached.

303.4i: If an effect attempts to put an Aura onto the battlefield attached to either an object or player it can't legally enchant or an object or player that is undefined, the Aura remains in its current zone, unless that zone is the stack. In that case, the Aura is put into its owner's graveyard instead of entering the battlefield. If the Aura is a token, it isn't created.

303.4j: If an effect attempts to attach an Aura on the battlefield to an object or player it can't legally enchant, the Aura doesn't move.

303.4k: If an effect allows an Aura that's being turned face up to become attached to an object or player, the Aura's controller considers the characteristics of that Aura as it would exist if it were face up to determine what it may be attached to, and they must choose a legal object or player according to the Aura's enchant ability and any other applicable effects.

303.4m: An ability of a permanent that refers to the "enchanted [object or player]" refers to whatever object or player that permanent is attached to, even if the permanent with the ability isn't an Aura.

303.7a: If a permanent has more than one Role controlled by the same player attached to it, each of those Roles except the one with the most recent timestamp is put into its owner's graveyard. This is a state-based action. See rule 704

305.2a: To determine whether a player can play a land, compare the number of lands the player can play this turn with the number of lands they have already played this turn (including lands played as special actions and lands played during the resolution of spells and abilities). If the number of lands the player can play is greater, the play is legal.

305.2b: A player can't play a land, for any reason, if the number of lands the player can play this turn is equal to or less than the number of lands they have already played this turn. Ignore any part of an effect that instructs a player to do so.

306.5a: The loyalty of a planeswalker card not on the battlefield is equal to the number printed in its lower right corner.

306.5b: A planeswalker has the intrinsic ability "This permanent enters with a number of loyalty counters on it equal to its printed loyalty number." This ability creates a replacement effect (see rule 614.1c ).

306.5c: The loyalty of a planeswalker on the battlefield is equal to the number of loyalty counters on it.

306.5d: Each planeswalker has a number of loyalty abilities, which are activated abilities with loyalty symbols in their costs. Loyalty abilities follow special rules: A player may activate a loyalty ability of a permanent they control any time they have priority and the stack is empty during a main phase of their turn, but only if none of that permanent's loyalty abilities have been activated that turn. See rule 606 , "Loyalty Abilities."

307.5a: Similarly, if an effect checks to see if a spell was cast "any time a sorcery couldn't have been cast," it's checking only whether the spell's controller cast it without having priority, during a phase other than their main phase, or while another object was on the stack.

309.2a: If a player ventures into the dungeon while they don't own a dungeon card in the command zone, they choose a dungeon card they own from outside the game and put it into the command zone.

309.2b: A dungeon card that's brought into the game is put into the command zone until it leaves the game.

309.2c: Dungeon cards are not permanents. They can't be cast. Dungeon cards can't leave the command zone except as they leave the game.

309.2d: If an effect other than a venture into the dungeon keyword action would bring a dungeon card into the game from outside the game, it doesn't; that card remains outside the game.

309.4a: As a player puts a dungeon they own into the command zone, they put their venture marker on the topmost room.

309.4b: Each room has a name. These names are considered flavor text and do not affect game play.

309.4c: Each room has a triggered ability called a room ability whose effect is printed on the card. They all have the same trigger condition not printed on the card. The full text of each room ability is "When you move your venture marker into this room, [effect.]" As long as a dungeon card is in the command zone, its abilities may trigger. Each room ability is controlled by the player who owns the dungeon card that is that ability's source.

309.5a: If a player ventures into the dungeon while they own a dungeon card in the command zone and their venture marker isn't on that dungeon's bottommost room, they move their venture marker from the room it is on to the next room, following the direction of an arrow pointing away from the room their venture marker is on. If there are multiple arrows pointing away from the room the player's venture marker is on, they choose one of them to follow.

309.5b: If a player ventures into the dungeon while they own a dungeon card in the command zone and their venture marker is on that dungeon card's bottommost room, they remove that dungeon card from the game. They then choose a dungeon card they own from outside the game and put it into the command zone. They put their venture marker on the topmost room.

310.4a: The defense of a battle card not on the battlefield is equal to the number printed in its lower right corner.

310.4b: A battle has the intrinsic ability "This permanent enters with a number of defense counters on it equal to its printed defense number." This ability creates a replacement effect (see rule 614.1c ).

310.4c: The defense of a battle on the battlefield is equal to the number of defense counters on it.

310.8a: As a battle enters the battlefield, its controller chooses a player to be its protector. Which players may be chosen as its protector are determined by its battle type (see rule 310.11 ). If it has no battle types, its controller becomes its protector.

310.8b: A battle's protector can never attack it. A battle can be attacked by any attacking player for whom its protector is a defending player. Notably, a Siege battle can be attacked by its own controller.

310.8c: A battle's protector may block creatures attacking that battle with creatures they control. Creatures controlled by other players can't block those attackers.

310.8d: If a battle's protector is a different player than its controller, all rules and effects that refer to the "defending player" relative to a battle that is being attacked refer to that battle's protector rather than its controller. See rule 508.5

310.8e: If a rule or effect refers to the player who protects a battle, it means the player who is that battle's protector.

310.8f: A battle can have only one protector at a time. A battle's protector stops being its protector if another player becomes its protector.

310.8g: A battle's protector doesn't change if it stops being a battle or it becomes a copy of another battle.

310.11a: As a Siege enters the battlefield, its controller must choose its protector from among their opponents. Only an opponent of a Siege's controller can be its protector.

310.11b: Sieges have the intrinsic ability "When the last defense counter is removed from this permanent, exile it, then you may cast it transformed without paying its mana cost."

315.5a: Abilities of conspiracy cards may affect the start-of-game procedure.

315.5b: Face-down conspiracy cards have no characteristics.

400.4a: If an instant or sorcery card would enter the battlefield, it remains in its previous zone.

400.4b: If a conspiracy, phenomenon, plane, scheme, or vanguard card would leave the command zone, it remains in the command zone.

400.7a: Effects from spells, activated abilities, and triggered abilities that change the characteristics or controller of a permanent spell on the stack continue to apply to the permanent that spell becomes.

400.7b: Effects from static abilities that grant an ability to a permanent spell that functions on the battlefield continue to apply to the permanent that spell becomes (see rule 611.3d ).

400.7c: Prevention effects that apply to damage from a permanent spell on the stack continue to apply to damage from the permanent that spell becomes.

400.7d: An ability of a permanent can reference information about the spell that became that permanent as it resolved, including what costs were paid to cast that spell or what mana was spent to pay those costs.

400.7e: Abilities that trigger when an object moves from one zone to another (for example, "When Rancor is put into a graveyard from the battlefield") can find the new object that it became in the zone it moved to when the ability triggered, if that zone is a public zone.

400.7f: Abilities that trigger when an enchanted permanent leaves the battlefield can find the new object that each Aura enchanting that permanent became in its owner's graveyard if it was put into that graveyard at the same time the enchanted permanent left the battlefield. It can also find the new object that each Aura enchanting it became in its owner's graveyard as a result of being put there as a state-based action for not being attached to a permanent. (See rule 704.5m )

400.7g: If an effect grants a nonland card an ability that allows it to be cast, that ability will continue to apply to the new object that card became after it moved to the stack as a result of being cast this way.

400.7h: If an effect allows a nonland card to be cast, other parts of that effect can find the new object that card becomes after it moves to the stack as a result of being cast this way.

400.7i: If an effect allows a land card to be played, other parts of that effect can find the new object that land card becomes after it moves to the battlefield as a result of being played this way.

400.7j: If an effect causes an object to move to a public zone, other parts of that effect can find that object. If the cost of a spell or ability causes an object to move to a public zone, that spell or ability's effects can find that object.

400.7k: After resolving a madness triggered ability (see rule 702.35 ), if the exiled card wasn't cast and was moved to a public zone, effects referencing the discarded card can find that object.

400.7m: Stickers on an object in a public zone are retained as it moves to another public zone (see rule 123.5 ). Any effects from stickers continue to apply to the new object it becomes in that zone.

400.11a: Cards in a player's sideboard are outside the game. See rule 100.4

400.11b: Some effects bring cards into a game from outside the game. Those cards remain in the game until the game ends, their owner leaves the game, or a rule or effect removes them from the game, whichever comes first.

400.11c: Cards outside the game can't be affected by spells or abilities, except for characteristic-defining abilities printed on them (see rule 604.3 ) and spells and abilities that allow those cards to be brought into the game.

405.6a: Effects don't go on the stack; they're the result of spells and abilities resolving. Effects may create delayed triggered abilities, however, and these may go on the stack when they trigger (see rule 603.7 ).

405.6b: Static abilities continuously generate effects and don't go on the stack. (See rule 604 , "Handling Static Abilities.") This includes characteristic-defining abilities such as "[This object] is red" (see rule 604.3 ).

405.6c: Mana abilities resolve immediately. If a mana ability both produces mana and has another effect, the mana is produced and the other effect happens immediately. If a player had priority before a mana ability was activated, that player gets priority after it resolves. (See rule 605 , "Mana Abilities.")

405.6d: Special actions don't use the stack; they happen immediately. See rule 116 , "Special Actions."

405.6e: Turn-based actions don't use the stack; they happen automatically when certain steps or phases begin. They're dealt with before a player would receive priority (see rule 117.3a ). Turn-based actions also happen automatically when each step and phase ends; no player receives priority afterward. See rule 703

405.6f: State-based actions don't use the stack; they happen automatically when certain conditions are met. See rule 704 They are dealt with before a player would receive priority. See rule 117.5

405.6g: A player may concede the game at any time. That player leaves the game immediately. See rule 104.3a

405.6h: If a player leaves a multiplayer game, objects may leave the game, cease to exist, change control, or be exiled as a result. These actions happen immediately. See rule 800.4a

406.3a: A card exiled face down has no characteristics, but the spell or ability that exiled it may allow it to be played from exile. Unless that card is being cast face down (see rule 708.4 ), the card is turned face up just before the player announces that they are playing the card (see rule 601.2 ).

406.3b: Some spells and abilities allow a player to cast spells with certain qualities from among face-down cards in exile. A player may cast such a spell only if they are allowed to look at the face-down card in exile and if the resulting spell has the specified qualities.

500.10a: If an effect that says "you get" an additional step or phase would add a step or phase to a turn other than its controller's, no steps or phases are added.

502.2a: Multiplayer games using the shared team turns option use a modified rule. If it's day and no player on the previous turn's active team cast a spell during that turn, it becomes night. If it's night and any player on the previous turn's active team cast two or more spells during the previous turn, it becomes day. If it's neither day nor night, this check doesn't happen and it remains neither. This turn-based action doesn't use the stack.

503.1a: Any abilities that triggered during the untap step and any abilities that triggered at the beginning of the upkeep are put onto the stack before the active player gets priority; the order in which they triggered doesn't matter. (See rule 603 , "Handling Triggered Abilities.")

505.1a: Only the first main phase of the turn is a precombat main phase. All other main phases are postcombat main phases. This includes the second main phase of a turn in which the combat phase has been skipped. It is also true of a turn in which an effect has caused an additional combat phase and an additional main phase to be created.

505.1b: In card text, phrases such as "first main phase," "second main phase," and so on count the number of main phases that have occurred only in the current turn unless that text specifies otherwise.

505.6a: The main phase is the only phase in which a player can normally cast artifact, creature, enchantment, planeswalker, and sorcery spells. The active player may cast these spells.

505.6b: During either main phase, the active player may play one land card from their hand if the stack is empty, if the player has priority, and if they haven't played a land this turn (unless an effect states the player may play additional lands). This action doesn't use the stack. Neither the land nor the action of playing the land is a spell or ability, so it can't be countered, and players can't respond to it with instants or activated abilities. (See rule 305 , "Lands.")

506.2a: During the combat phase of a multiplayer game, there may be one or more defending players, depending on the variant being played and the options chosen for it. Unless all the attacking player's opponents automatically become defending players during the combat phase, the attacking player chooses one of their opponents as a turn-based action during the beginning of combat step. (Note that the choice may be dictated by the variant being played or the options chosen for it.) That player becomes the defending player. See rule 802 , "Attack Multiple Players Option," rule 803, "Attack Left and Attack Right Options," and rule 809, "Emperor Variant."

506.2b: In multiplayer games using the shared team turns option, the active team is the attacking team and the nonactive team is the defending team. See rule 805 , "Shared Team Turns Option."

506.3a: If an effect would put a noncreature permanent onto the battlefield attacking or blocking, the permanent does enter the battlefield but it's never considered to be an attacking or blocking permanent.

506.3b: If an effect would put a creature onto the battlefield attacking under the control of any player except an attacking player, that creature does enter the battlefield, but it's never considered to be an attacking creature.

506.3c: If an effect would put a creature onto the battlefield attacking either a player not in the game or a permanent that's no longer on the battlefield or isn't either a planeswalker or a battle, that creature does enter the battlefield, but it's never considered to be an attacking creature.

506.3d: If an effect would put a creature onto the battlefield blocking but the creature it would block isn't attacking the entering creature's controller, a planeswalker that player controls, or a battle that player protects, that creature does enter the battlefield, but it's never considered to be a blocking creature.

506.3e: If an effect would put a creature that's also a battle onto the battlefield attacking or blocking, that permanent enters the battlefield but it's never considered to be an attacking or blocking creature.

506.3f: If a resolving spell or ability would cause a battle to become an attacking or blocking creature, that part of the effect does nothing.

506.4a: Once a creature has been declared as an attacking or blocking creature, spells or abilities that would have kept that creature from attacking or blocking don't remove the creature from combat.

506.4b: Tapping or untapping a creature that's already been declared as an attacker or blocker doesn't remove it from combat and doesn't prevent its combat damage.

506.4c: If a creature is attacking a planeswalker or battle, removing that planeswalker or battle from combat doesn't remove that creature from combat. It continues to be an attacking creature, although it is not attacking any player, planeswalker, or battle. It may be blocked. If it is unblocked, it will deal no combat damage.

506.4d: A permanent that's both a blocking creature and a planeswalker that's being attacked is removed from combat if it stops being both a creature and a planeswalker. If it stops being one of those card types but continues to be the other, it continues to be either a blocking creature or a planeswalker that's being attacked, whichever is appropriate.

506.4e: A permanent that's being attacked that is both a planeswalker and a battle is removed from combat if it stops being both a planeswalker and a battle. If it stops being a battle but is still a planeswalker, it is removed from combat only if it is not controlled by its protector. If it stops being a planeswalker but is still a battle, it is not removed from combat. It continues to be a battle that's being attacked.

506.7a: A spell that states it may be cast "only before (or after) attackers are declared" is referring to the turn-based action of declaring attackers. It may be cast only before (or after) the declare attackers step begins, regardless of whether any attackers are actually declared. (See rule 508 )

506.7b: A spell that states it may be cast "only before (or after) blockers are declared" is referring to the turn-based action of declaring blockers. It may be cast only before (or after) the declare blockers step begins, regardless of whether any blockers are actually declared. (See rule 509 )

506.7c: Some spells state that they may be cast only "during combat" or "during a certain player's combat phase" in addition to the criteria described in rule 506.7 If a turn has multiple combat phases, such spells may be cast at an appropriate time during any of them.

506.7d: Some spells state that they may be cast "only before (or after) [a particular point in the combat phase]," but don't meet the additional criteria described in rule 506.7c If a turn has multiple combat phases, such spells may be cast that turn only before (or after) the stated point of the first combat phase.

506.7e: If a spell states that it may be cast "only before [a particular point in the combat phase]," but the stated point doesn't exist within the relevant combat phase because the declare blockers step and the combat damage step are skipped (see rule 508.8 ), then the spell may be cast only before the declare attackers step ends. If the stated point doesn't exist because the relevant combat phase has been skipped, then the spell may be cast only before the precombat main phase ends.

506.7f: If a spell states that it may be cast "only during combat after blockers are declared," but the declare blockers step is skipped that combat phase (see rule 508.8 ), then the spell may not be cast during that combat phase.

506.7g: Rules 506.7 and 506.7a -f apply to abilities that state that they may be activated only at certain times with respect to combat just as they apply to spells that state that they may be cast only at certain times with respect to combat.

508.1a: The active player chooses which creatures that they control, if any, will attack. The chosen creatures must be untapped, they can't also be battles, and each one must either have haste or have been controlled by the active player continuously since the turn began.

508.1b: If the defending player controls any planeswalkers, is the protector of any battles, or the game allows the active player to attack multiple other players, the active player announces which player, planeswalker, or battle each of the chosen creatures is attacking.

508.1c: The active player checks each creature they control to see whether it's affected by any restrictions (effects that say a creature can't attack, or that it can't attack unless some condition is met). If any restrictions are being disobeyed, the declaration of attackers is illegal.

508.1d: The active player checks each creature they control to see whether it's affected by any requirements (effects that say a creature attacks if able, or that it attacks if some condition is met). If the number of requirements that are being obeyed is fewer than the maximum possible number of requirements that could be obeyed without disobeying any restrictions, the declaration of attackers is illegal. If a creature can't attack unless a player pays a cost, that player is not required to pay that cost, even if attacking with that creature would increase the number of requirements being obeyed. If a requirement that says a creature attacks if able during a certain turn refers to a turn with multiple combat phases, the creature attacks if able during each declare attackers step in that turn.

508.1e: If any of the chosen creatures have banding or a "bands with other" ability, the active player announces which creatures, if any, are banded with which. (See rule 702.22 , "Banding.")

508.1f: The active player taps the chosen creatures. Tapping a creature when it's declared as an attacker isn't a cost; attacking simply causes creatures to become tapped.

508.1g: If there are any optional costs to attack with the chosen creatures (expressed as costs a player may pay "as" a creature attacks), the active player chooses which, if any, they will pay.

508.1h: If any of the chosen creatures require paying costs to attack, or if any optional costs to attack were chosen, the active player determines the total cost to attack. Costs may include paying mana, tapping permanents, sacrificing permanents, discarding cards, and so on. Once the total cost is determined, it becomes "locked in." If effects would change the total cost after this time, ignore this change.

508.1i: If any of the costs require mana, the active player then has a chance to activate mana abilities (see rule 605 , "Mana Abilities").

508.1j: Once the player has enough mana in their mana pool, they pay all costs in any order. Partial payments are not allowed.

508.1k: Each chosen creature still controlled by the active player becomes an attacking creature. It remains an attacking creature until it's removed from combat or the combat phase ends, whichever comes first. See rule 506.4

508.1m: Any abilities that trigger on attackers being declared trigger.

508.2a: Abilities that trigger on a creature attacking trigger only at the point the creature is declared as an attacker. They will not trigger if a creature attacks and then that creature's characteristics change to match the ability's trigger condition.

508.2b: Any abilities that triggered on attackers being declared or that triggered during the process described in rules 508.1 are put onto the stack before the active player gets priority; the order in which they triggered doesn't matter. (See rule 603 , "Handling Triggered Abilities.")

508.3a: An ability that reads "Whenever [a creature] attacks, . . ." triggers if that creature is declared as an attacker. Similarly, "Whenever [a creature] attacks [a player, planeswalker, or battle], . . ." triggers if that creature is declared as an attacker attacking that player or permanent. Such abilities won't trigger if a creature is put onto the battlefield attacking.

508.3b: An ability that reads "Whenever [a player, planeswalker, or battle] is attacked, . . ." triggers if one or more creatures are declared as attackers attacking that player or permanent. It won't trigger if a creature is put onto the battlefield attacking that player or permanent.

508.3c: An ability that reads "Whenever [a player] attacks with [a creature], . . ." triggers if a creature that player controls is declared as an attacker.

508.3d: An ability that reads "Whenever [a player] attacks, . . ." triggers if one or more creatures that player controls are declared as attackers.

508.3e: An ability that reads "Whenever [a player] attacks [another player], . . ." triggers if one or more creatures the first player controls are declared as attackers attacking the second player. It won't trigger if a creature is put onto the battlefield attacking or if a creature attacks a planeswalker or a battle.

508.3f: An ability that reads "Whenever [a creature] attacks and isn't blocked, . . ." triggers during the declare blockers step, not the declare attackers step. See rule 509.5g

508.4a: If the effect that puts a creature onto the battlefield attacking specifies it's attacking a certain player, and that player is no longer in the game when the effect resolves, the creature is put onto the battlefield but is never considered an attacking creature. The same is true if the effect specifies a creature is put onto the battlefield attacking a planeswalker or battle and that permanent is no longer on the battlefield or is no longer a planeswalker or battle when the effect resolves.

508.4b: If the effect that states a creature is attacking specifies it's attacking a certain player, and that player is no longer in the game when the effect resolves, the creature doesn't become an attacking creature. The same is true if the effect specifies a creature is attacking a planeswalker or battle and that permanent is no longer on the battlefield or is no longer a planeswalker or battle when the effect resolves.

508.4c: A creature that's put onto the battlefield attacking or that is stated to be attacking isn't affected by requirements or restrictions that apply to the declaration of attackers.

508.5a: In a multiplayer game, any rule, object, or effect that refers to a "defending player" refers to one specific defending player, not to all of the defending players. If a spell or ability could apply to multiple attacking creatures, the appropriate defending player is individually determined for each of those attacking creatures. If there are multiple defending players that could be chosen, the controller of the spell or ability chooses one.

508.7a: The attacking creature isn't removed from combat and it isn't considered to have attacked a second time. That creature is attacking the reselected player or permanent, but it's still considered to have attacked the player or permanent chosen as it was declared as an attacker.

508.7b: While reselecting which player, planeswalker, or battle a creature is attacking, that creature isn't affected by requirements or restrictions that apply to the declaration of attackers.

508.7c: The reselected player, planeswalker, or battle must be an opponent of the attacking creature's controller, a planeswalker controlled by an opponent of the attacking creature's controller, or a battle protected by an opponent of the attacking creature's controller.

508.7d: In a multiplayer game not using the attack multiple players option (see rule 802 ), the reselected player, planeswalker, or battle must be the chosen defending player, a planeswalker controlled by that player, or a battle protected by that player.

508.7e: In a multiplayer game using the limited range of influence option (see rule 801 ), the reselected player, planeswalker, or battle must be within the range of influence of the attacking creature's controller. In the case of a battle, the battle's protector must also be within the range of influence of the attacking creature's controller.

509.1a: The defending player chooses which creatures they control, if any, will block. The chosen creatures must be untapped and they can't also be battles. For each of the chosen creatures, the defending player chooses one creature for it to block that's attacking that player, a planeswalker they control, or a battle they protect.

509.1b: The defending player checks each creature they control to see whether it's affected by any restrictions (effects that say a creature can't block, or that it can't block unless some condition is met). If any restrictions are being disobeyed, the declaration of blockers is illegal. A restriction may be created by an evasion ability (a static ability an attacking creature has that restricts what can block it). If an attacking creature gains or loses an evasion ability after a legal block has been declared, it doesn't affect that block. Different evasion abilities are cumulative.

509.1c: The defending player checks each creature they control to see whether it's affected by any requirements (effects that say a creature must block, or that it must block if some condition is met). If the number of requirements that are being obeyed is fewer than the maximum possible number of requirements that could be obeyed without disobeying any restrictions, the declaration of blockers is illegal. If a creature can't block unless a player pays a cost, that player is not required to pay that cost, even if blocking with that creature would increase the number of requirements being obeyed. If a requirement that says a creature blocks if able during a certain turn refers to a turn with multiple combat phases, the creature blocks if able during each declare blockers step in that turn.

509.1d: If any of the chosen creatures require paying costs to block, the defending player determines the total cost to block. Costs may include paying mana, tapping permanents, sacrificing permanents, discarding cards, and so on. Once the total cost is determined, it becomes "locked in." If effects would change the total cost after this time, ignore this change.

509.1e: If any of the costs require mana, the defending player then has a chance to activate mana abilities (see rule 605 , "Mana Abilities").

509.1f: Once the player has enough mana in their mana pool, they pay all costs in any order. Partial payments are not allowed.

509.1g: Each chosen creature still controlled by the defending player becomes a blocking creature. Each one is blocking the attacking creatures chosen for it. It remains a blocking creature until it's removed from combat or the combat phase ends, whichever comes first. See rule 506.4

509.1h: An attacking creature with one or more creatures declared as blockers for it becomes a blocked creature; one with no creatures declared as blockers for it becomes an unblocked creature. This remains unchanged until the creature is removed from combat, an effect says that it becomes blocked or unblocked, or the combat phase ends, whichever comes first. A creature remains blocked even if all the creatures blocking it are removed from combat.

509.1i: Any abilities that trigger on blockers being declared trigger. See rule 509.4 for more information.

509.2a: During the declare blockers step, if a blocking creature is removed from combat or a spell or ability causes it to stop blocking an attacking creature, the blocking creature is removed from all relevant damage assignment orders. The relative order among the remaining blocking creatures is unchanged.

509.3a: During the declare blockers step, if an attacking creature is removed from combat or a spell or ability causes it to stop being blocked by a blocking creature, the attacking creature is removed from all relevant damage assignment orders. The relative order among the remaining attacking creatures is unchanged.

509.4a: Any abilities that triggered on blockers being declared or that triggered during the process described in rules 509.1 -3 are put onto the stack before the active player gets priority; the order in which they triggered doesn't matter. (See rule 603 , "Handling Triggered Abilities.")

509.5a: An ability that reads "Whenever [a creature] blocks, . . ." generally triggers only once each combat for that creature, even if it blocks multiple creatures. It triggers if the creature is declared as a blocker. It will also trigger if that creature becomes a blocker as the result of an effect, but only if it wasn't a blocking creature at that time. (See rule 509.1g ) It won't trigger if the creature is put onto the battlefield blocking.

509.5b: An ability that reads "Whenever [a creature] blocks a creature, . . ." triggers once for each attacking creature the creature with the ability blocks. It triggers if the creature is declared as a blocker. It will also trigger if an effect causes that creature to block an attacking creature, but only if it wasn't already blocking that attacking creature at that time. It won't trigger if the creature is put onto the battlefield blocking.

509.5c: An ability that reads "Whenever [a creature] becomes blocked, . . ." generally triggers only once each combat for that creature, even if it's blocked by multiple creatures. It will trigger if that creature becomes blocked by at least one creature declared as a blocker. It will also trigger if that creature becomes blocked by an effect or by a creature that's put onto the battlefield as a blocker, but only if the attacking creature was an unblocked creature at that time. (See rule 509.1h )

509.5d: An ability that reads "Whenever [a creature] becomes blocked by a creature, . . ." triggers once for each creature that blocks the specified creature. It triggers if a creature is declared as a blocker for the attacking creature. It will also trigger if an effect causes a creature to block the attacking creature, but only if it wasn't already blocking that attacking creature at that time. In addition, it will trigger if a creature is put onto the battlefield blocking that creature. It won't trigger if the creature becomes blocked by an effect rather than a creature.

509.5e: If an ability triggers when a creature blocks or becomes blocked by a particular number of creatures, the ability triggers if the creature blocks or is blocked by that many creatures when blockers are declared. Effects that add or remove blockers can also cause such abilities to trigger. This applies to abilities that trigger on a creature blocking or being blocked by at least a certain number of creatures as well.

509.5f: If an ability triggers when a creature with certain characteristics blocks, it will trigger only if the creature has those characteristics at the point blockers are declared, or at the point an effect causes it to block. If an ability triggers when a creature with certain characteristics becomes blocked, it will trigger only if the creature has those characteristics at the point it becomes a blocked creature. If an ability triggers when a creature becomes blocked by a creature with certain characteristics, it will trigger only if the latter creature has those characteristics at the point it becomes a blocking creature. None of those abilities will trigger if the relevant creature's characteristics change to match the ability's trigger condition later on.

509.5g: An ability that reads "Whenever [a creature] attacks and isn't blocked, . . ." triggers if no creatures are declared as blockers for that creature. It will trigger even if the creature was never declared as an attacker (for example, if it entered the battlefield attacking). It won't trigger if the attacking creature is blocked and then all its blockers are removed from combat.

509.7a: If the effect that puts a creature onto the battlefield blocking specifies it's blocking a certain creature and that creature is no longer attacking, the creature is put onto the battlefield but is never considered a blocking creature. The same is true if the controller of the creature that's put onto the battlefield blocking isn't a defending player for the specified attacking creature.

509.7b: A creature that's put onto the battlefield blocking isn't affected by requirements or restrictions that apply to the declaration of blockers.

510.1a: Each attacking creature and each blocking creature assigns combat damage equal to its power. Creatures that would assign 0 or less damage this way don't assign combat damage at all.

510.1b: An unblocked creature assigns its combat damage to the player, planeswalker, or battle it's attacking. If it isn't currently attacking anything (if, for example, it was attacking a planeswalker that has left the battlefield), it assigns no combat damage.

510.1c: A blocked creature assigns its combat damage to the creatures blocking it. If no creatures are currently blocking it (if, for example, they were destroyed or removed from combat), it assigns no combat damage. If exactly one creature is blocking it, it assigns all its combat damage to that creature. If two or more creatures are blocking it, it assigns its combat damage to those creatures according to the damage assignment order announced for it. This may allow the blocked creature to divide its combat damage. However, it can't assign combat damage to a creature that's blocking it unless, when combat damage assignments are complete, each creature that precedes that blocking creature in its order is assigned lethal damage. When checking for assigned lethal damage, take into account damage already marked on the creature and damage from other creatures that's being assigned during the same combat damage step, but not any abilities or effects that might change the amount of damage that's actually dealt. An amount of damage that's greater than a creature's lethal damage may be assigned to it.

510.1d: A blocking creature assigns combat damage to the creatures it's blocking. If it isn't currently blocking any creatures (if, for example, they were destroyed or removed from combat), it assigns no combat damage. If it's blocking exactly one creature, it assigns all its combat damage to that creature. If it's blocking two or more creatures, it assigns its combat damage to those creatures according to the damage assignment order announced for it. This may allow the blocking creature to divide its combat damage. However, it can't assign combat damage to a creature that it's blocking unless, when combat damage assignments are complete, each creature that precedes that blocked creature is assigned lethal damage. When checking for assigned lethal damage, take into account damage already marked on the creature and damage from other creatures that's being assigned during the same combat damage step, but not any abilities or effects that might change the amount of damage that's actually dealt. An amount of damage that's greater than a creature's lethal damage may be assigned to it.

510.1e: Once a player has assigned combat damage from each attacking or blocking creature they control, the total damage assignment (not solely the damage assignment of any individual attacking or blocking creature) is checked to see if it complies with the above rules. If it doesn't, the combat damage assignment is illegal; the game returns to the moment before that player began to assign combat damage. (See rule 730 , "Handling Illegal Actions.")

510.3a: Any abilities that triggered on damage being dealt or while state-based actions are performed afterward are put onto the stack before the active player gets priority; the order in which they triggered doesn't matter. (See rule 603 , "Handling Triggered Abilities.")

513.1a: Previously, abilities that triggered at the beginning of the end step were printed with the trigger condition "at end of turn." Cards that were printed with that text have received errata in the Oracle card reference to say "at the beginning of the end step" or "at the beginning of the next end step."

514.3a: At this point, the game checks to see if any state-based actions would be performed and/or any triggered abilities are waiting to be put onto the stack (including those that trigger "at the beginning of the next cleanup step"). If so, those state-based actions are performed, then those triggered abilities are put on the stack, then the active player gets priority. Players may cast spells and activate abilities. Once the stack is empty and all players pass in succession, another cleanup step begins.

601.1a: Some effects still refer to "playing" a card. "Playing a card" means playing that card as a land or casting that card as a spell, whichever is appropriate.

601.2a: To propose the casting of a spell, a player first moves that card (or that copy of a card) from where it is to the stack. It becomes the topmost object on the stack. It has all the characteristics of the card (or the copy of a card) associated with it, and that player becomes its controller. Any continuous effects that modify the characteristics of the spell as you start casting it begin as it is put on the stack (see rule 611.2f ). The spell remains on the stack until it resolves, it's countered, or a rule or effect moves it elsewhere.

601.2b: If the spell is modal, the player announces the mode choice (see rule 700.2 ). If the player wishes to splice any cards onto the spell (see rule 702.47 ), they reveal those cards in their hand. If the spell has alternative or additional costs that will be paid as it's being cast such as buyback or kicker costs (see rules 118.8 and 118.9 ), the player announces their intentions to pay any or all of those costs (see rule 601.2f ). A player can't apply two alternative methods of casting or two alternative costs to a single spell. If the spell has a variable cost that will be paid as it's being cast (such as an in its mana cost; see rule 107.3 ), the player announces the value of that variable. If the value of that variable is defined in the text of the spell by a choice that player would make later in the announcement or resolution of the spell, that player makes that choice at this time instead of that later time. If a cost that will be paid as the spell is being cast includes hybrid mana symbols, the player announces the nonhybrid equivalent cost they intend to pay. If a cost that will be paid as the spell is being cast includes Phyrexian mana symbols, the player announces whether they intend to pay 2 life or a corresponding colored mana cost for each of those symbols. Previously made choices (such as choosing to cast a spell with flashback from a graveyard or choosing to cast a creature with morph face down) may restrict the player's options when making these choices.

601.2c: The player announces their choice of an appropriate object or player for each target the spell requires. A spell may require some targets only if an alternative or additional cost (such as a kicker cost) or a particular mode was chosen for it; otherwise, the spell is cast as though it did not require those targets. Similarly, a spell may require alternative targets only if an alternative or additional cost was chosen for it. If the spell has a variable number of targets, the player announces how many targets they will choose before they announce those targets. In some cases, the number of targets will be defined by the spell's text. Once the number of targets the spell has is determined, that number doesn't change, even if the information used to determine the number of targets does. The same target can't be chosen multiple times for any one instance of the word "target" on the spell. However, if the spell uses the word "target" in multiple places, the same object or player can be chosen once for each instance of the word "target" (as long as it fits the targeting criteria). If any effects say that an object or player must be chosen as a target, the player chooses targets so that they obey the maximum possible number of such effects without violating any rules or effects that say that an object or player can't be chosen as a target. The chosen objects and/or players each become a target of that spell. (Any abilities that trigger when those objects and/or players become the target of a spell trigger at this point; they'll wait to be put on the stack until the spell has finished being cast.)

601.2d: If the spell requires the player to divide or distribute an effect (such as damage or counters) among one or more targets, the player announces the division. Each of these targets must receive at least one of whatever is being divided.

601.2e: The game checks to see if the proposed spell can legally be cast. If the proposed spell is illegal, the game returns to the moment before the casting of that spell was proposed (see rule 730 , "Handling Illegal Actions").

601.2f: The player determines the total cost of the spell. Usually this is just the mana cost. Some spells have additional or alternative costs. Some effects may increase or reduce the cost to pay, or may provide other alternative costs. Costs may include paying mana, tapping permanents, sacrificing permanents, discarding cards, and so on. The total cost is the mana cost or alternative cost (as determined in rule 601.2b ), plus all additional costs and cost increases, and minus all cost reductions. If multiple cost reductions apply, the player may apply them in any order. If the mana component of the total cost is reduced to nothing by cost reduction effects, it is considered to be . It can't be reduced to less than . Once the total cost is determined, any effects that directly affect the total cost are applied. Then the resulting total cost becomes "locked in." If effects would change the total cost after this time, they have no effect.

601.2g: If the total cost includes a mana payment, the player then has a chance to activate mana abilities (see rule 605 , "Mana Abilities"). Mana abilities must be activated before costs are paid.

601.2h: The player pays the total cost. First, they pay all costs that don't involve random elements or moving objects from the library to a public zone, in any order. Then they pay all remaining costs in any order. Partial payments are not allowed. Unpayable costs can't be paid.

601.2i: Once the steps described in 601.2a -h are completed, effects that modify the characteristics of the spell as it's cast are applied, then the spell becomes cast. Any abilities that trigger when a spell is cast or put onto the stack trigger at this time. If the spell's controller had priority before casting it, they get priority.

601.3a: If an effect prohibits a player from casting a spell with certain qualities, that player may consider any choices to be made during that spell's proposal that may cause those qualities to change. If any such choices could cause that effect to no longer prohibit that player from casting that spell, the player may begin to cast the spell, ignoring the effect.

601.3b: If an effect allows a player to cast a spell with certain qualities as though it had flash, that player may consider any choices to be made during that spell's proposal that may cause that spell's qualities to change. If any such choices could cause that effect to apply, that player may begin to cast that spell as though it had flash.

601.3c: If an effect allows a player to cast a spell as though it had flash only if an alternative or additional cost is paid, that player may begin to cast that spell as though it had flash.

601.3d: If a spell would have flash only if certain conditions are met, its controller may begin to cast that spell as though it had flash if those conditions are met.

601.3e: Some rules and effects state that an alternative set of characteristics or a subset of characteristics are considered to determine if a card or copy of a card is legal to cast. These alternative characteristics replace the object's characteristics for this determination. Continuous effects that would apply to that object once it has those characteristics are also considered.

601.3f: Some effects allow a player to cast a spell with certain qualities from among face-down cards in exile. A player may begin to cast such a spell only if they can look at the face-down card in exile.

601.5a: Once a player has begun casting a spell that had flash because certain conditions were met or that could be cast as though it had flash because certain conditions were met (see 601.3d ), they may continue to cast that spell as though it had flash even if those conditions stop being met.

601.6a: If there is more than one opponent who could make such a choice, the spell's controller decides which of those opponents will make the choice.

601.6b: If the spell instructs its controller and another player to do something at the same time as the spell is being cast, the spell's controller goes first, then the other player. This is an exception to rule 101.4

602.1a: The activation cost is everything before the colon (:). An ability's activation cost must be paid by the player who is activating it.

602.1b: Some text after the colon of an activated ability states instructions that must be followed while activating that ability. Such text may state which players can activate that ability, may restrict when a player can activate the ability, or may define some aspect of the activation cost. This text is not part of the ability's effect. It functions at all times. If an activated ability has any activation instructions, they appear last, after the ability's effect.

602.1c: An activated ability is the only kind of ability that can be activated. If an object or rule refers to activating an ability without specifying what kind, it must be referring to an activated ability.

602.1d: Previously, the action of using an activated ability was referred to on cards as "playing" that ability. Cards that were printed with that text have received errata in the Oracle card reference so they now refer to "activating" that ability.

602.1e: If a spell or ability that refers to the "activation cost" of an ability modifies how a player may pay that cost, that modification applies to the total cost of that ability, even if that cost is increased and/or decreased by other effects. See rules 602.2b and 601.2f

602.2a: The player announces that they are activating the ability. If an activated ability is being activated from a hidden zone, the card that has that ability is revealed (see rule 701.16a ). That ability is created on the stack as an object that's not a card. It becomes the topmost object on the stack. It has the text of the ability that created it, and no other characteristics. Its controller is the player who activated the ability. The ability remains on the stack until it's countered, it resolves, or an effect moves it elsewhere.

602.2b: The remainder of the process for activating an ability is identical to the process for casting a spell listed in rules 601.2b -i. Those rules apply to activating an ability just as they apply to casting a spell. An activated ability's analog to a spell's mana cost (as referenced in rule 601.2f ) is its activation cost.

602.3a: If there is more than one opponent who could make such a choice, the ability's controller decides which of those opponents will make the choice.

602.3b: If the ability instructs its controller and another player to do something at the same time as the ability is being activated, the ability's controller goes first, then the other player. This is an exception to rule 101.4

602.5a: A creature's activated ability with the tap symbol ( ) or the untap symbol ( ) in its activation cost can't be activated unless the creature has been under its controller's control since the start of their most recent turn. Ignore this rule for creatures with haste (see rule 702.10 ).

602.5b: If an activated ability has a restriction on its use (for example, "Activate only once each turn"), the restriction continues to apply to that object even if its controller changes.

602.5c: If an object acquires an activated ability with a restriction on its use from another object, that restriction applies only to that ability as acquired from that object. It doesn't apply to other, identically worded abilities.

602.5d: Activated abilities that read "Activate only as a sorcery" mean the player must follow the timing rules for casting a sorcery spell, though the ability isn't actually a sorcery. The player doesn't actually need to have a sorcery card that they could cast.

602.5e: Activated abilities that read "Activate only as an instant" mean the player must follow the timing rules for casting an instant spell, though the ability isn't actually an instant. The player doesn't actually need to have an instant card that they could cast.

603.1a: A triggered ability may include instructions after its effects that limit what the ability may target or state that it can't be countered. This text is not part of the ability's effect. It functions while the ability is on the stack.

603.2a: Because they aren't cast or activated, triggered abilities can trigger even when it isn't legal to cast spells and activate abilities. Effects that preclude abilities from being activated don't affect them.

603.2b: When a phase or step begins, all abilities that trigger "at the beginning of" that phase or step trigger.

603.2c: An ability triggers only once each time its trigger event occurs. However, it can trigger repeatedly if one event contains multiple occurrences.

603.2d: An ability may state that a triggered ability triggers additional times. In this case, rather than simply determining that such an ability has triggered, determine how many times it should trigger, then that ability triggers that many times. An effect that states that an ability triggers additional times doesn't invoke itself repeatedly and doesn't apply to other effects that affect how many times an ability triggers.

603.2e: Some effects refer to a triggered ability of an object. Such effects refer only to triggered abilities the object has, not any delayed triggered abilities (see rule 603.7 ) that may be created by abilities the object has.

603.2f: Some trigger events use the word "becomes" (for example, "becomes attached" or "becomes blocked"). These trigger only at the time the named event happens—they don't trigger if that state already exists or retrigger if it persists. An ability that triggers when a permanent "becomes tapped" or "becomes untapped" doesn't trigger if the permanent enters the battlefield in that state.

603.2g: If a triggered ability's trigger condition is met, but the object with that triggered ability is at no time visible to all players, the ability does not trigger.

603.2h: An ability triggers only if its trigger event actually occurs. An event that's prevented or replaced won't trigger anything.

603.2i: A triggered ability may have an instruction followed by "Do this only once each turn." This ability triggers only if its source's controller has not yet taken the indicated action that turn.

603.3a: A triggered ability is controlled by the player who controlled its source at the time it triggered, unless it's a delayed triggered ability. To determine the controller of a delayed triggered ability, see rules 603.7d -f.

603.3b: If multiple abilities have triggered since the last time a player received priority, the abilities are placed on the stack in a two-part process. First, each player, in APNAP order, puts each triggered ability they control with a trigger condition that isn't another ability triggering on the stack in any order they choose. (See rule 101.4 ) Second, each player, in APNAP order, puts all remaining triggered abilities they control on the stack in any order they choose. Then the game once again checks for and performs state-based actions until none are performed, then abilities that triggered during this process go on the stack. This process repeats until no new state-based actions are performed and no abilities trigger. Then the appropriate player gets priority.

603.3c: If a triggered ability is modal, its controller announces the mode choice when putting the ability on the stack. If one of the modes would be illegal (due to an inability to choose legal targets, for example), that mode can't be chosen. If no mode is chosen, the ability is removed from the stack. (See rule 700.2 )

603.3d: The remainder of the process for putting a triggered ability on the stack is identical to the process for casting a spell listed in rules 601.2c -d. If a choice is required when the triggered ability goes on the stack but no legal choices can be made for it, or if a rule or a continuous effect otherwise makes the ability illegal, the ability is simply removed from the stack.

603.6a: Enters-the-battlefield abilities trigger when a permanent enters the battlefield. These are written, "When [this object] enters, . . . " or "Whenever a [type] enters, . . ." Each time an event puts one or more permanents onto the battlefield, all permanents on the battlefield (including the newcomers) are checked for any enters-the-battlefield triggers that match the event.

603.6b: Continuous effects that modify characteristics of a permanent do so the moment the permanent is on the battlefield (and not before then). The permanent is never on the battlefield with its unmodified characteristics. Continuous effects don't apply before the permanent is on the battlefield, however (see rule 603.6d ).

603.6c: Leaves-the-battlefield abilities trigger when a permanent moves from the battlefield to another zone, or when a phased-in permanent leaves the game because its owner leaves the game. These are written as, but aren't limited to, "When [this object] leaves the battlefield, . . ." or "Whenever [something] is put into a graveyard from the battlefield, . . . ." (See also rule 603.10 ) An ability that attempts to do something to the card that left the battlefield checks for it only in the first zone that it went to. An ability that triggers when a card is put into a certain zone "from anywhere" is never treated as a leaves-the-battlefield ability, even if an object is put into that zone from the battlefield.

603.6d: Some permanents have text that reads "[This permanent] enters with . . . ," "As [this permanent] enters . . . ," "[This permanent] enters as . . . ," or "[This permanent] enters tapped." Such text is a static ability—not a triggered ability—whose effect occurs as part of the event that puts the permanent onto the battlefield.

603.6e: Some Auras have triggered abilities that trigger on the enchanted permanent leaving the battlefield. These triggered abilities can find the new object that permanent card became in the zone it moved to; they can also find the new object the Aura card became in its owner's graveyard after state-based actions have been checked. See rule 400.7

603.7a: Delayed triggered abilities are created during the resolution of spells or abilities, as the result of a replacement effect being applied, or as a result of a static ability that allows a player to take an action. A delayed triggered ability won't trigger until it has actually been created, even if its trigger event occurred just beforehand. Other events that happen earlier may make the trigger event impossible.

603.7b: A delayed triggered ability will trigger only once—the next time its trigger event occurs—unless it has a stated duration, such as "this turn." If its trigger event occurs more than once simultaneously and the ability doesn't have a stated duration, the controller of the delayed triggered ability chooses which event causes the ability to trigger.

603.7c: A delayed triggered ability that refers to a particular object still affects it even if the object changes characteristics. However, if that object is no longer in the zone it's expected to be in at the time the delayed triggered ability resolves, the ability won't affect it. (Note that if that object left that zone and then returned, it's a new object and thus won't be affected. See rule 400.7 )

603.7d: If a spell creates a delayed triggered ability, the source of that delayed triggered ability is that spell. The controller of that delayed triggered ability is the player who controlled that spell as it resolved.

603.7e: If an activated or triggered ability creates a delayed triggered ability, the source of that delayed triggered ability is the same as the source of that other ability. The controller of that delayed triggered ability is the player who controlled that other ability as it resolved.

603.7f: If a static ability generates a replacement effect which causes a delayed triggered ability to be created, the source of that delayed triggered ability is the object with that static ability. The controller of that delayed triggered ability is the same as the controller of that object at the time the replacement effect was applied.

603.7g: If a static ability allows a player to take an action and creates a delayed triggered ability if that player does so, the source of that delayed triggered ability is the object with that static ability. The controller of that delayed triggered ability is the same as the controller of that object at the time the action was taken.

603.7h: An activated or triggered ability may create a delayed triggered ability that triggers when the ability that created it has resolved a certain number of times in a turn. In that case, that delayed triggered ability is created only once, during the appropriate resolution of that ability.

603.10a: Some zone-change triggers look back in time. These are leaves-the-battlefield abilities, abilities that trigger when a card leaves a graveyard, and abilities that trigger when an object that all players can see is put into a hand or library.

603.10b: Abilities that trigger when a permanent phases out look back in time.

603.10c: Abilities that trigger specifically when an object becomes unattached look back in time.

603.10d: Abilities that trigger when a player loses control of an object look back in time.

603.10e: Abilities that trigger when a spell is countered look back in time.

603.10f: Abilities that trigger when a player loses the game look back in time.

603.10g: Abilities that trigger when a player planeswalks away from a plane look back in time.

603.12a: Normally, if the trigger event or events occur multiple times during the resolution of the spell or ability that created it, the reflexive triggered ability will trigger once for each of those times. However, if a resolving spell or ability includes a choice to pay a cost "any number of times" and creates a triggered ability that triggers "when [a player] pays [that cost] one or more times," paying that cost one or more times causes the reflexive triggered ability to trigger only once.

604.3a: A static ability is a characteristic-defining ability if it meets the following criteria: (1) It defines an object's colors, subtypes, power, or toughness; (2) it is printed on the card it affects, it was granted to the token it affects by the effect that created the token, or it was acquired by the object it affects as the result of a copy effect or text-changing effect; (3) it does not directly affect the characteristics of any other objects; (4) it is not an ability that an object grants to itself; and (5) it does not set the values of such characteristics only if certain conditions are met.

605.1a: An activated ability is a mana ability if it meets all of the following criteria: it doesn't require a target (see rule 115.6 ), it could add mana to a player's mana pool when it resolves, and it's not a loyalty ability. (See rule 606 , "Loyalty Abilities.")

605.1b: A triggered ability is a mana ability if it meets all of the following criteria: it doesn't require a target (see rule 115.6 ), it triggers from the activation or resolution of an activated mana ability (see rule 605.1a ) or from mana being added to a player's mana pool, and it could add mana to a player's mana pool when it resolves.

605.3a: A player may activate an activated mana ability whenever they have priority, whenever they are casting a spell or activating an ability that requires a mana payment, or whenever a rule or effect asks for a mana payment, even if it's in the middle of casting or resolving a spell or activating or resolving an ability.

605.3b: An activated mana ability doesn't go on the stack, so it can't be targeted, countered, or otherwise responded to. Rather, it resolves immediately after it is activated. (See rule 405.6c )

605.3c: Once a player begins to activate a mana ability, that ability can't be activated again until it has resolved.

605.4a: A triggered mana ability doesn't go on the stack, so it can't be targeted, countered, or otherwise responded to. Rather, it resolves immediately after the mana ability that triggered it, without waiting for priority.

605.5a: An ability with a target is not a mana ability, even if it could put mana into a player's mana pool when it resolves. The same is true for a triggered ability that could produce mana but triggers from an event other than activating a mana ability, or a triggered ability that triggers from activating a mana ability but couldn't produce mana. These follow the normal rules for activated or triggered abilities, as appropriate.

605.5b: A spell can never be a mana ability, even if it could put mana into a player's mana pool when it resolves. It's cast and resolves just like any other spell. Some older cards were printed with the card type "mana source"; these cards have received errata in the Oracle card reference and are now instants.

607.1a: An ability printed on an object within another ability that grants that ability to that object is considered to be "printed on" that object for these purposes.

607.1b: An ability printed on either face of a transforming double-faced card (see rule 712 ) is considered to be "printed on" that object for these purposes, regardless of which face is up.

607.1c: An ability printed on an object that fulfills both criteria described in rule 607.1 is linked to itself.

607.1d: Abilities printed on two objects can be linked if one object is a token, emblem, or nontoken permanent and the second object was the source of the ability that either created the token or emblem or put that nontoken permanent onto the battlefield. In these cases, the abilities fit the criteria listed for one of the different kinds of linked abilities in rule 607.2 except they are printed on two objects rather than one.

607.2a: If an object has an activated or triggered ability printed on it that instructs a player to exile one or more cards and an ability printed on it that refers either to "the exiled cards" or to cards "exiled with [this object]," these abilities are linked. The second ability refers only to cards in the exile zone that were put there as a result of an instruction to exile them in the first ability.

607.2b: If an object has an ability printed on it that generates a replacement effect which causes one or more cards to be exiled and an ability printed on it that refers either to "the exiled cards" or to cards "exiled with [this object]," these abilities are linked. The second ability refers only to cards in the exile zone that were put there as a direct result of a replacement event caused by the first ability. See rule 614 , "Replacement Effects."

607.2c: If an object has an activated or triggered ability printed on it that puts one or more objects onto the battlefield and an ability printed on it that refers to objects "put onto the battlefield with [this object]" or "created with [this object]," those abilities are linked. The second can refer only to objects put onto the battlefield as a result of the first.

607.2d: If an object has an ability printed on it that causes a player to "choose a [value]" and an ability printed on it that refers to "the chosen [value]," "the last chosen [value]," or similar, those abilities are linked. The second ability refers only to a choice made as a result of the first ability.

607.2e: If an object has an ability printed on it that allows some information to be noted and another ability which refers to information noted for that object, those abilities are linked. The second ability refers only to information noted as a result of the first ability.

607.2f: If an object has an ability printed on it that causes a player to choose from between two or more words that otherwise have no rules meaning and an ability printed on it that refers to a choice involving one or more of those words, those abilities are linked. The second can refer only to a choice made as a result of the first ability.

607.2g: If an object has an ability printed on it that causes a player to pay a cost as it enters the battlefield and an ability printed on it that refers to the cost paid "as [this object] entered," these abilities are linked. The second ability refers only to a cost paid as a result of the first ability.

607.2h: If an object has both a static ability and one or more triggered abilities printed on it in the same paragraph, each of those triggered abilities is linked to the static ability. Each triggered ability refers only to actions taken as a result of the static ability. See rule 603.11

607.2i: If an object has an ability printed on it that allows an additional cost to be paid and an ability printed on it that refers to whether that cost was paid, those abilities are linked. The second refers only to whether the intent to pay the additional cost listed in the first was declared as the object was cast as a spell. If an ability lists multiple such costs, it may have multiple abilities linked to it. Each of those abilities will specify which cost it refers to.

607.2j: If an object has an ability printed on it that causes a player to pay a variable additional cost as it's cast and an ability printed on it that refers to the cost paid "as [this object] was cast," these abilities are linked. The second refers only to the value chosen for the cost listed in the first as the object was cast as a spell. See rule 601.2b

607.2k: The two abilities represented by the champion keyword are linked abilities. See rule 702.72 , "Champion."

607.2m: Abilities preceded by an anchor word are linked to the ability that allows a player to choose that anchor word. See rule 614.12b

607.2n: If an object has a static ability printed on it that allows a player to exile one or more cards "before you shuffle your deck to start the game" and an ability printed on it that refers to cards "exiled with cards named [this object's name]," the second ability is linked to the first ability of any objects that had the specified name before the game began.

607.2p: If an object has both a static ability that causes a player to make a choice for a characteristic-defining ability before the game begins and that characteristic-defining ability printed on it in the same paragraph, those abilities are linked. The second ability refers only to the choice made as a result of the first ability and continues to refer to that choice as the object changes zones during the game.

607.2q: If a permanent spell has an ability printed on it that allows one or more cards to be exiled while paying a cost to cast it and the permanent that spell becomes has an ability that refers to cards "exiled with [this object]," those abilities are linked. The second ability refers only to cards exiled to pay the cost of the spell that became that permanent.

607.5a: If an object gains an ability that refers to a choice, but either (a) doesn't copy that ability's linked ability or (b) does copy the linked ability but no choice is made for it, then the choice is considered to be "undefined." If an ability refers to an undefined choice, that part of the ability won't do anything.

608.2a: If a triggered ability has an intervening "if" clause, it checks whether the clause's condition is true. If it isn't, the ability is removed from the stack and does nothing. Otherwise, it continues to resolve. See rule 603.4

608.2b: If the spell or ability specifies targets, it checks whether the targets are still legal. A target that's no longer in the zone it was in when it was targeted is illegal. Other changes to the game state may cause a target to no longer be legal; for example, its characteristics may have changed or an effect may have changed the text of the spell. If the source of an ability has left the zone it was in, its last known information is used during this process. If all its targets, for every instance of the word "target," are now illegal, the spell or ability doesn't resolve. It's removed from the stack and, if it's a spell, put into its owner's graveyard. Otherwise, the spell or ability will resolve normally. Illegal targets, if any, won't be affected by parts of a resolving spell's effect for which they're illegal. Other parts of the effect for which those targets are not illegal may still affect them. If the spell or ability creates any continuous effects that affect game rules (see rule 613.11 ), those effects don't apply to illegal targets. If part of the effect requires information about an illegal target, it fails to determine any such information. Any part of the effect that requires that information won't happen.

608.2c: The controller of the spell or ability follows its instructions in the order written. However, replacement effects may modify these actions. In some cases, later text on the card may modify the meaning of earlier text (for example, "Destroy target creature. It can't be regenerated" or "Counter target spell. If that spell is countered this way, put it on top of its owner's library instead of into its owner's graveyard.") Don't just apply effects step by step without thinking in these cases—read the whole text and apply the rules of English to the text.

608.2d: If an effect of a spell or ability offers any choices other than choices already made as part of casting the spell, activating the ability, or otherwise putting the spell or ability on the stack, the player announces these while applying the effect. The player can't choose an option that's illegal or impossible, with the exception that having a library with no cards in it doesn't make drawing a card an impossible action (see rule 121.3 ). If an effect divides or distributes something, such as damage or counters, as a player chooses among any number of untargeted players and/or objects, the player chooses the amount and division such that each chosen player or object receives at least one of whatever is being divided. (Note that if an effect divides or distributes something, such as damage or counters, as a player chooses among some number of target objects and/or players, the amount and division were determined as the spell or ability was put onto the stack rather than at this time; see rule 601.2d )

608.2e: Some spells and abilities have multiple steps or actions, denoted by separate sentences or clauses, that involve multiple players. In these cases, the choices for the first action are made in APNAP order, and then the first action is processed simultaneously. Then the choices for the second action are made in APNAP order, and then that action is processed simultaneously, and so on. See rule 101.4

608.2f: Some spells and abilities include actions taken on multiple players and/or objects. In most cases, each such action is processed simultaneously. If the action can't be processed simultaneously, it's instead processed considering each affected player or object individually. APNAP order is used to make the primary determination of the order of those actions. Secondarily, if the action is to be taken on both a player and an object they control or on multiple objects controlled by the same player, the player who controls the resolving spell or ability chooses the relative order of those actions.

608.2g: If an effect gives a player the option to pay mana, they may activate mana abilities before taking that action. If an effect specifically instructs or allows a player to cast a spell during resolution, they do so by following the steps in rules 601.2a -i, except no player receives priority after it's cast. That spell becomes the topmost object on the stack, and the currently resolving spell or ability continues to resolve, which may include casting other spells this way. No other spells can normally be cast and no other abilities can normally be activated during resolution.

608.2h: If an effect requires information from the game (such as the number of creatures on the battlefield), the answer is determined only once, when the effect is applied. If the effect requires information from a specific object, including the source of the ability itself, the effect uses the current information of that object if it's in the public zone it was expected to be in; if it's no longer in that zone, or if the effect has moved it from a public zone to a hidden zone, the effect uses the object's last known information. See rule 113.7a If an ability states that an object does something, it's the object as it exists—or as it most recently existed—that does it, not the ability.

608.2i: Some effects look back in time and require information about previous game states and actions rather than considering the current game state. If such an effect requires information from the game about an object or group of objects, and that effect is not taking any actions on those objects, they don't need to be currently in the zone they were in at the time of that previous game state or action, nor do they need to currently meet the criteria described in the action, as long as they did so at the specified time. This is an exception to 608.2h

608.2j: If an effect refers to certain characteristics, it checks only for the value of the specified characteristics, regardless of any related ones an object may also have.

608.2k: If an ability's effect refers to a specific untargeted object that has been previously referred to by that ability's cost or trigger condition, it still affects that object even if the object has changed characteristics.

608.2m: If an instant spell, sorcery spell, or ability that can legally resolve leaves the stack once it starts to resolve, it will continue to resolve fully.

608.2n: As the final part of an instant or sorcery spell's resolution, the spell is put into its owner's graveyard. As the final part of an ability's resolution, the ability is removed from the stack and ceases to exist.

608.2p: Once all possible steps described in 608.2c -n are completed, any abilities that trigger when that spell or ability resolves trigger.

608.3a: If the object that's resolving has no targets, it becomes a permanent and enters the battlefield under the control of the spell's controller.

608.3b: If the object that's resolving has a target, it checks whether the target is still legal, as described in 608.2b If a spell with an illegal target is a bestowed Aura spell (see rule 702.103e ) or a mutating creature spell (see rule 702.140b ), it becomes a creature spell and will resolve as described in rule 608.3a Otherwise, the spell doesn't resolve. It is removed from the stack and put into its owner's graveyard.

608.3c: If the object that's resolving is an Aura spell, it becomes a permanent and is put onto the battlefield under the control of the spell's controller attached to the player or object it was targeting.

608.3d: If the object that's resolving is a mutating creature spell, the object representing that spell merges with the permanent it is targeting (see rule 727 , "Merging with Permanents").

608.3e: If a permanent spell resolves but its controller can't put it onto the battlefield, that player puts it into its owner's graveyard.

608.3f: If the object that's resolving is a copy of a permanent spell, it will become a token permanent as it is put onto the battlefield in any of the steps above. A token put onto the battlefield this way is no longer a copy of a spell and is not "created" for the purposes of any rules or effects that refer to creating a token.

608.3g: If the object that's resolving has a static ability that functions on the stack and creates a delayed triggered ability, that delayed triggered ability is created as that permanent is put onto the battlefield in any of the steps above. (See rules 702.109 , "Dash," and rule 702.152 , "Blitz.")

609.4a: If two effects state that a player may (or a creature can) do the same thing "as though" different conditions were true, both conditions could apply. If one "as though" effect satisfies the requirements for another "as though" effect, then both effects will apply.

609.4b: If an effect allows a player to spend mana "as though it were mana of any [type or color]," this affects only how the player may pay a cost. It doesn't change that cost, and it doesn't change what mana was actually spent to pay that cost. The same is true for effects that say "mana of any type can be spent."

609.7a: If an effect requires a player to choose a source of damage, they may choose a permanent; a spell on the stack (including a permanent spell); any object referred to by an object on the stack, by a replacement or prevention effect that's waiting to apply, or by a delayed triggered ability that's waiting to trigger (even if that object is no longer in the zone it used to be in); or a face-up object in the command zone. A source doesn't need to be capable of dealing damage to be a legal choice. The source is chosen when the effect is created. If the player chooses a permanent, the effect will apply to the next damage dealt by that permanent, regardless of whether it's combat damage or damage dealt as the result of a spell or ability. If the player chooses a permanent spell, the effect will apply to any damage dealt by that spell and any damage dealt by the permanent that spell becomes when it resolves.

609.7b: Some effects from resolved spells and abilities prevent or replace damage from sources with certain properties, such as a creature or a source of a particular color. When the source would deal damage, the "shield" rechecks the source's properties. If the properties no longer match, the damage isn't prevented or replaced. If for any reason the shield prevents no damage or replaces no damage, the shield isn't used up.

609.7c: Some effects from static abilities prevent or replace damage from sources with certain properties. For these effects, the prevention or replacement applies to sources that are permanents with that property and to any sources that aren't on the battlefield that have that property.

610.3a: If a resolving spell or activated ability creates the initial one-shot effect that causes the object to change zones, and the specified event has already occurred before that one-shot effect would occur but after that spell or ability was put onto the stack, the object doesn't move.

610.3b: If a resolving triggered ability creates the initial one-shot effect that causes the object to change zones, and the specified event has already occurred before that one-shot effect would occur but after that ability triggered, the object doesn't move.

610.3c: An object returned to the battlefield this way returns under its owner's control unless otherwise specified.

610.3d: If multiple one-shot effects are created this way immediately after one or more simultaneous events, those one-shot effects are also simultaneous.

610.4a: A permanent phased out this way doesn't phase in as a result of the turn-based action during a player's untap step (see rule 502.1 ). Other effects may cause it to phase in. If a permanent phased out this way phases in due to another effect, the second one-shot effect doesn't happen, even if that permanent has phased out again.

610.4b: If a resolving spell or activated ability creates the initial one-shot effect that causes the permanent to phase out, and the specified event has already occurred before that one-shot effect would occur but after that spell or ability was put onto the stack, the permanent doesn't phase out.

610.4c: If a resolving triggered ability creates the initial one-shot effect that causes the permanent to phase out, and the specified event has already occurred before that one-shot effect would occur but after that ability triggered, the permanent doesn't phase out.

610.4d: If multiple one-shot effects are created this way immediately after one or more simultaneous events, those one-shot effects are also simultaneous.

611.2a: A continuous effect generated by the resolution of a spell or ability lasts as long as stated by the spell or ability creating it (such as "until end of turn"). If no duration is stated, it lasts until the end of the game.

611.2b: Some continuous effects generated by the resolution of a spell or ability have durations worded "for as long as . . . ." If the "for as long as" duration never starts, or it ends before the moment the effect would first be applied, the effect does nothing. It doesn't start and immediately stop again, and it doesn't last forever.

611.2c: If a continuous effect generated by the resolution of a spell or ability modifies the characteristics or changes the controller of any objects, the set of objects it affects is determined when that continuous effect begins. After that point, the set won't change. (Note that this works differently than a continuous effect from a static ability.) A continuous effect generated by the resolution of a spell or ability that doesn't modify the characteristics or change the controller of any objects modifies the rules of the game, so it can affect objects that weren't affected when that continuous effect began. If a single continuous effect has parts that modify the characteristics or changes the controller of any objects and other parts that don't, the set of objects each part applies to is determined independently.

611.2d: If a resolving spell or ability that creates a continuous effect contains a variable such as X, the value of that variable is determined only once, on resolution. See rule 608.2h

611.2e: If a resolving spell or ability both puts a nontoken permanent onto the battlefield and creates a continuous effect stating that the permanent "is [characteristic]," that continuous effect applies simultaneously with the permanent entering the battlefield. This characteristic is usually a color or a creature type. If the continuous effect says the permanent "becomes [characteristic]" or "gains [an ability]," that effect applies after the permanent is on the battlefield.

611.2f: Some spells and abilities generate a continuous effect that modifies the characteristics of the next spell a player casts, the next spell that fulfills certain conditions a player casts during some duration, or similar. These effects do not begin immediately. Rather, they begin to apply at the time that player next puts an appropriate spell on the stack, and they apply to that spell. See rule 601.2a

611.3a: A continuous effect generated by a static ability isn't "locked in"; it applies at any given moment to whatever its text indicates.

611.3b: The effect applies at all times that the permanent generating it is on the battlefield or the object generating it is in the appropriate zone.

611.3c: Continuous effects that modify characteristics of permanents do so simultaneously with the permanent entering the battlefield. They don't wait until the permanent is on the battlefield and then change it. Because such effects apply as the permanent enters the battlefield, they are applied before determining whether the permanent will cause an ability to trigger when it enters the battlefield.

611.3d: Continuous effects from static abilities may allow a player to play a land or cast a permanent spell, or may grant an ability to a permanent spell or card that allows it to be cast. If the effect also grants that object an ability that functions only on the battlefield, that ability lasts as long as stated by the effect granting that permission or ability. If no duration is stated, it lasts until the end of the game. This is an exception to rules 611.3a -b.

612.2a: Most spells and abilities that create creature tokens use creature types to define both the creature types and the names of the tokens. A text-changing effect that affects such a spell or an object with such an ability can change these words because they're being used as creature types, even though they're also being used as names.

613.1a: Layer 1: Rules and effects that modify copiable values are applied.

613.1b: Layer 2: Control-changing effects are applied.

613.1c: Layer 3: Text-changing effects are applied. See rule 612 , "Text-Changing Effects."

613.1d: Layer 4: Type-changing effects are applied. These include effects that change an object's card type, subtype, and/or supertype.

613.1e: Layer 5: Color-changing effects are applied.

613.1f: Layer 6: Ability-adding effects, keyword counters, ability-removing effects, and effects that say an object can't have an ability are applied.

613.1g: Layer 7: Power- and/or toughness-changing effects are applied.

613.2a: Layer 1a: Copiable effects are applied. This includes copy effects (see rule 707 , "Copying Objects") and changes to an object's characteristics determined by merging an object with a permanent (see rule 727 , "Merging with Permanents"). "As . . . enters" and "as . . . is turned face up" abilities generate copiable effects if they set power and toughness, even if they also define other characteristics.

613.2b: Layer 1b: Face-down spells and permanents have their characteristics modified as defined in rule 708.2

613.2c: After all rules and effects in layer 1 have been applied, the object's characteristics are its copiable values. (See rule 707.2 )

613.4a: Layer 7a: Effects from characteristic-defining abilities that define power and/or toughness are applied. See rule 604.3

613.4b: Layer 7b: Effects that set power and/or toughness to a specific number or value are applied. Effects that refer to the base power and/or toughness of a creature apply in this layer.

613.4c: Layer 7c: Effects and counters that modify power and/or toughness (but don't set power and/or toughness to a specific number or value) are applied.

613.4d: Layer 7d: Effects that switch a creature's power and toughness are applied. Such effects take the value of power and apply it to the creature's toughness, and take the value of toughness and apply it to the creature's power.

613.7a: A continuous effect generated by a static ability has the same timestamp as the object the static ability is on, or the timestamp of the effect that created the ability, whichever is later. If the effect that created the ability has the later timestamp and the object the ability is on receives a new timestamp, each continuous effect generated by static abilities of that object receives a new timestamp as well, but the relative order of those timestamps remains the same.

613.7b: A continuous effect generated by the resolution of a spell or ability receives a timestamp at the time it's created.

613.7c: Each counter receives a timestamp as it's put on an object or player. If that object or player already has a counter of that kind on it, each counter of that kind receives a new timestamp identical to that of the new counter.

613.7d: An object receives a timestamp at the time it enters a zone.

613.7e: An Aura, Equipment, or Fortification receives a new timestamp each time it becomes attached to an object or player.

613.7f: A permanent receives a new timestamp each time it turns face up or face down.

613.7g: A transforming double-faced permanent receives a new timestamp each time it transforms or converts.

613.7h: A face-up plane card, phenomenon card, or scheme card receives a timestamp at the time it's turned face up.

613.7i: A face-up vanguard card receives a timestamp at the beginning of the game.

613.7j: A conspiracy card receives a timestamp at the beginning of the game. If it's face down, it receives a new timestamp at the time it turns face up.

613.7k: A sticker receives a new timestamp each time it's put on an object. If the object a sticker is on receives a new timestamp, the sticker receives a new timestamp immediately after that one. If the object a sticker is on becomes part of a merged permanent on the battlefield, the sticker receives a new timestamp at that time. If an object has more than one sticker on it as it enters a zone or becomes part of a merged permanent, the relative timestamp order of those stickers remains unchanged.

613.7m: If two or more objects would receive a timestamp simultaneously, such as by entering a zone simultaneously or becoming attached simultaneously, their relative timestamps are determined in APNAP order (see rule 101.4 ). Objects controlled by the active player (or owned by the active player, if they have no controller) have an earlier relative timestamp in the order of that player's choice, followed by each other player in turn order.

613.8a: An effect is said to "depend on" another if (a) it's applied in the same layer (and, if applicable, sublayer) as the other effect; (b) applying the other would change the text or the existence of the first effect, what it applies to, or what it does to any of the things it applies to; and (c) neither effect is from a characteristic-defining ability or both effects are from characteristic-defining abilities. Otherwise, the effect is considered to be independent of the other effect.

613.8b: An effect dependent on one or more other effects waits to apply until just after all of those effects have been applied. If multiple dependent effects would apply simultaneously in this way, they're applied in timestamp order relative to each other. If several dependent effects form a dependency loop, then this rule is ignored and the effects in the dependency loop are applied in timestamp order.

613.8c: After each effect is applied, the order of remaining effects is reevaluated and may change if an effect that has not yet been applied becomes dependent on or independent of one or more other effects that have not yet been applied.

614.1a: Effects that use the word "instead" are replacement effects. Most replacement effects use the word "instead" to indicate what events will be replaced with other events.

614.1b: Effects that use the word "skip" are replacement effects. These replacement effects use the word "skip" to indicate what events, steps, phases, or turns will be replaced with nothing.

614.1c: Effects that read "[This permanent] enters with . . . ," "As [this permanent] enters . . . ," or "[This permanent] enters as . . . " are replacement effects.

614.1d: Continuous effects that read "[This permanent] enters . . ." or "[Objects] enter [the battlefield] . . ." are replacement effects.

614.1e: Effects that read "As [this permanent] is turned face up . . . ," are replacement effects.

614.7a: If a source would deal 0 damage, it does not deal damage at all. Replacement effects that would increase the damage dealt by that source, or would have that source deal that damage to a different object or player, have no event to replace, so they have no effect.

614.10a: Anything scheduled for a skipped step, phase, or turn won't happen. Anything scheduled for the "next" occurrence of something waits for the first occurrence that isn't skipped. If two effects each cause a player to skip their next occurrence, that player must skip the next two; one effect will be satisfied in skipping the first occurrence, while the other will remain until another occurrence can be skipped.

614.10b: Some effects cause a player to skip a step, phase, or turn, then take another action. That action is considered to be the first thing that happens during the next step, phase, or turn to actually occur.

614.11a: If an effect replaces a draw within a sequence of card draws, all actions required by the replacement are completed, if possible, before resuming the sequence.

614.11b: If an effect would have a player both draw a card and perform an additional action on that card, and the draw is replaced, the additional action is not performed on any cards that are drawn as a result of that replacement effect.

614.12a: If a replacement effect that modifies how a permanent enters the battlefield requires a choice, that choice is made before the permanent enters the battlefield.

614.12b: Some replacement effects cause a permanent to enter the battlefield with its controller's choice of one of two abilities, each marked with an anchor word and preceded by a bullet point. "[Anchor word] — [ability]" means "As long as [anchor word] was chosen as this permanent entered the battlefield, this permanent has [ability]." The abilities preceded by anchor words are each linked to the ability that causes a player to choose between them. See rule 607 , "Linked Abilities."

614.13a: While applying an effect that modifies how a permanent enters the battlefield, you may have to choose a number of objects that will also change zones. You can't choose the object that will become that permanent or any other object entering the battlefield at the same time as that object.

614.13b: The same object can't be chosen to change zones more than once when applying replacement effects that modify how a single permanent enters the battlefield.

614.13c: While applying a replacement effect that modifies how a permanent enters the battlefield, another replacement effect may cause a player to mill cards or exile cards from the top of a library. In that case, any card that is entering the battlefield from that library won't be included in that effect, even though those cards are in the library as the effect is applied.

614.17a: "Can't" effects must exist before the appropriate event occurs—they can't "go back in time" and change something that's already happened.

614.17b: If an event can't happen, a player can't choose to pay a cost that includes that event.

614.17c: If an event can't happen, it can only be replaced by a self-replacement effect (see rule 614.15 ). Other replacement and/or prevention effects can't modify or replace it.

614.17d: Some "can't" effects modify how a permanent enters the battlefield or whether it can enter the battlefield. Such effects may come from the permanent itself if they affect only that permanent (as opposed to a general subset of permanents that includes it). They may also come from other sources. To determine which "can't" effects apply, check the characteristics of the permanent as it would exist on the battlefield, taking into account replacement effects that have already modified how it enters the battlefield (see rule 616.1 ), continuous effects from the permanent's own static abilities that would apply to it once it's on the battlefield, and continuous effects that already exist and would apply to the permanent.

615.1a: Effects that use the word "prevent" are prevention effects. Prevention effects use "prevent" to indicate what damage will not be dealt.

615.12a: A prevention effect is applied to any particular unpreventable damage event just once. It won't invoke itself repeatedly trying to prevent that damage.

616.1a: If any of the replacement and/or prevention effects are self-replacement effects (see rule 614.15 ), one of them must be chosen. If not, proceed to rule 616.1b

616.1b: If any of the replacement and/or prevention effects would modify under whose control an object would enter the battlefield, one of them must be chosen. If not, proceed to rule 616.1c

616.1c: If any of the replacement and/or prevention effects would cause an object to become a copy of another object as it enters the battlefield, one of them must be chosen. If not, proceed to rule 616.1d

616.1d: If any of the replacement and/or prevention effects would cause a card to enter the battlefield with its back face up, one of them must be chosen (See rule 701.28 , "Transform," and rule 701.50 , "Convert."). If not, proceed to 616.1e

616.1e: Any of the applicable replacement and/or prevention effects may be chosen.

616.1f: Once the chosen effect has been applied, this process is repeated (taking into account only replacement or prevention effects that would now be applicable) until there are no more left to apply.

616.1g: While following the steps in 616.1a -f, one replacement or prevention effect may apply to an event, and another may apply to an event contained within the first event. In this case, the second effect can't be chosen until after the first effect has been chosen.

700.2a: The controller of a modal spell or activated ability chooses the mode(s) as part of casting that spell or activating that ability. If one of the modes would be illegal (due to an inability to choose legal targets, for example), that mode can't be chosen. (See rule 601.2b )

700.2b: The controller of a modal triggered ability chooses the mode(s) as part of putting that ability on the stack. If one of the modes would be illegal (due to an inability to choose legal targets, for example), that mode can't be chosen. If no mode is chosen, the ability is removed from the stack. (See rule 603.3c )

700.2c: If a spell or ability targets one or more targets only if a particular mode is chosen for it, its controller will need to choose those targets only if they chose that mode. Otherwise, the spell or ability is treated as though it did not have those targets. (See rule 601.2c )

700.2d: If a player is allowed to choose more than one mode for a modal spell or ability, that player normally can't choose the same mode more than once. However, some modal spells include the instruction "You may choose the same mode more than once." If a particular mode is chosen multiple times, the spell is treated as if that mode appeared that many times in sequence. If that mode requires a target, the same player or object may be chosen as the target for each of those modes, or different targets may be chosen.

700.2e: Some spells and abilities specify that a player other than their controller chooses a mode for it. In that case, the other player does so when the spell or ability's controller normally would do so. If there is more than one other player who could make such a choice, the spell or ability's controller decides which of those players will make the choice.

700.2f: Modal spells and abilities may have different targeting requirements for each mode. Changing a spell or ability's target can't change its mode.

700.2g: A copy of a modal spell or ability copies the mode(s) chosen for it. The controller of the copy can't choose a different mode. (See rule 707.10 )

700.2h: Some modal spells use plus signs (+) rather than bullet points, with each plus sign followed by a cost. This indicates that each mode has an additional cost that must be paid as the spell is cast if that mode is chosen. If more than one such mode is chosen, all additional costs must be paid to cast that spell. Paying these costs follows the rules for paying additional costs in rules 601.2b and 601.2f -h.

700.2i: Some modal spells have one or more pawprint symbols ( ) rather than bullet points, as well as an instruction to choose up to a specified number of "worth of modes." While casting such a spell, its controller can choose any number of modes such that the total number of pawprint symbols listed for the chosen modes is not greater than the specified number.

700.3a: Each of the affected objects must be put into exactly one of those piles, unless the effect specifies otherwise.

700.3b: Each object in a pile is still an individual object. The pile is not an object.

700.3c: Objects grouped into piles don't leave the zone they're currently in. If cards in a graveyard are split into piles, the order of the graveyard must be maintained.

700.3d: A pile can contain zero or more objects.

700.5a: A player's devotion to each color and combination of colors, taking into account any effects that modify devotion, is calculated after considering any copy, control, or text-changing effects but before any other effects that modify the characteristics of permanents. This is an exception to 613.10 See also rule 613, "Interaction of Continuous Effects."

700.8a: If a spell, ability, or effect needs to determine the number of creatures in a player's party, the calculation of that number is performed automatically by the game and results in a number between zero and four. Players don't declare which specific creatures they control are in their party for such an effect.

700.8b: If a creature has multiple creature types for which it could be the party member, it is counted as the party member for only one of those types. If there are different ways to count such a creature that results in different numbers of creatures in a player's party, it is counted in such a way to get the highest result.

700.8c: A player has a full party if there are four creatures in that player's party.

700.8d: One card, Stick Together, instructs players to choose a party from among creatures they control. To do so, for each of the creature types listed in rule 700.8 , each player chooses up to one creature they control of that type.

700.12a: Some cards refer to outlaws that a player controls. Only outlaw permanents are considered for these effects unless otherwise specified.

701.2a: To activate an activated ability is to put it onto the stack and pay its costs, so that it will eventually resolve and have its effect. Only an object's controller (or its owner, if it doesn't have a controller) can activate its activated ability unless the object specifically says otherwise. A player may activate an ability if they have priority. See rule 602 , "Activating Activated Abilities."

701.3a: To attach an Aura, Equipment, or Fortification to an object or player means to take it from where it currently is and put it onto that object or player. If something is attached to a permanent on the battlefield, it's customary to place it so that it's physically touching the permanent. An Aura, Equipment, or Fortification can't be attached to an object or player it couldn't enchant, equip, or fortify, respectively.

701.3b: If an effect tries to attach an Aura, Equipment, or Fortification to an object or player it can't be attached to, the Aura, Equipment, or Fortification doesn't move. If an effect tries to attach an Aura, Equipment, or Fortification to the object or player it's already attached to, the effect does nothing. If an effect tries to attach an object that isn't an Aura, Equipment, or Fortification to another object or player, the effect does nothing and the first object doesn't move.

701.3c: Attaching an Aura, Equipment, or Fortification on the battlefield to a different object or player causes the Aura, Equipment, or Fortification to receive a new timestamp.

701.3d: To "unattach" an Equipment from a creature means to move it away from that creature so the Equipment is on the battlefield but is not equipping anything. It should no longer be physically touching any creature. If an Aura, Equipment, or Fortification that was attached to an object or player ceases to be attached to it, that counts as "becoming unattached [from that object or player]"; this includes if that Aura, Equipment, or Fortification leaves the battlefield, the object leaves the zone it was in, or that player leaves the game.

701.4a: To cast a spell is to take it from the zone it's in (usually the hand), put it on the stack, and pay its costs, so that it will eventually resolve and have its effect. A player may cast a spell if they have priority. See rule 601 , "Casting Spells."

701.4b: To cast a card is to cast it as a spell.

701.5a: To counter a spell or ability means to cancel it, removing it from the stack. It doesn't resolve and none of its effects occur. A countered spell is put into its owner's graveyard.

701.5b: The player who cast a countered spell or activated a countered ability doesn't get a "refund" of any costs that were paid.

701.6a: To create one or more tokens with certain characteristics, put the specified number of tokens with the specified characteristics onto the battlefield.

701.6b: If a replacement effect applies to a token being created, that effect applies before considering any continuous effects that will modify the characteristics of that token. If a replacement effect applies to a token entering the battlefield, that effect applies after considering any continuous effects that will modify the characteristics of that token.

701.6c: Previously, an effect that created tokens instructed a player to "put [those tokens] onto the battlefield." Cards that were printed with that text have received errata in the Oracle card reference so they now "create" those tokens.

701.7a: To destroy a permanent, move it from the battlefield to its owner's graveyard.

701.7b: The only ways a permanent can be destroyed are as a result of an effect that uses the word "destroy" or as a result of the state-based actions that check for lethal damage (see rule 704.5g ) or damage from a source with deathtouch (see rule 704.5h ). If a permanent is put into its owner's graveyard for any other reason, it hasn't been "destroyed."

701.7c: A regeneration effect replaces a destruction event. See rule 701.15 , "Regenerate."

701.8a: To discard a card, move it from its owner's hand to that player's graveyard.

701.8b: By default, effects that cause a player to discard a card allow the affected player to choose which card to discard. Some effects, however, require a random discard or allow another player to choose which card is discarded.

701.8c: If a card is discarded, but an effect causes it to be put into a hidden zone instead of into its owner's graveyard without being revealed, all values of that card's characteristics are considered to be undefined. If a card is discarded this way to pay a cost that specifies a characteristic about the discarded card, that cost payment is illegal; the game returns to the moment before the cost was paid (see rule 730 , "Handling Illegal Actions").

701.9a: Doubling a creature's power and/or toughness creates a continuous effect. This effect modifies that creature's power and/or toughness but doesn't set those characteristics to a specific value. See rule 613.4c

701.9b: To double a creature's power, that creature gets +X/+0, where X is that creature's power as the spell or ability that doubles its power resolves. Similarly, an effect that doubles a creature's toughness gives it +0/+X, where X is that creature's toughness. Doubling a creature's power and toughness gives it +X/+Y, where X is its power and Y is its toughness.

701.9c: If a creature's power is less than 0 when it's doubled, doubling that creature's power instead means that the creature gets -X/-0, where X is the difference between 0 and its power. Similarly, if its toughness is less than 0 when doubled, it gets -0/-X. If one characteristic's value is negative but the other isn't when both are doubled, it gets -X/+Y or +X/-Y, as appropriate.

701.9d: To double a player's life total, the player gains or loses an amount of life such that their new life total is twice its current value.

701.9e: To double the number of a kind of counters on a player or permanent, give that player or permanent as many of those counters as that player or permanent already has.

701.9f: To double the amount of a type of mana in a player's mana pool, that player adds an amount of mana of that type equal to the amount they already have.

701.10a: A spell or ability may instruct players to exchange something (for example, life totals or control of two permanents) as part of its resolution. When such a spell or ability resolves, if the entire exchange can't be completed, no part of the exchange occurs.

701.10b: When control of two permanents is exchanged, if those permanents are controlled by different players, each of those players simultaneously gains control of the permanent that was controlled by the other player. If, on the other hand, those permanents are controlled by the same player, the exchange effect does nothing.

701.10c: When life totals are exchanged, each player gains or loses the amount of life necessary to equal the other player's previous life total. Replacement effects may modify these gains and losses, and triggered abilities may trigger on them. A player who can't gain life can't be given a higher life total this way, and a player who can't lose life can't be given a lower life total this way (see rules 119.7 -8).

701.10d: Some spells or abilities may instruct a player to exchange cards in one zone with cards in a different zone (for example, exiled cards and cards in a player's hand). These spells and abilities work the same as other "exchange" spells and abilities, except they can exchange the cards only if all the cards are owned by the same player, and they can exchange the cards even if one zone is empty.

701.10e: If a card in one zone is exchanged with a card in a different zone, and either of them is attached to an object, that card stops being attached to that object and the other card becomes attached to that object.

701.10f: If a spell or ability instructs a player to simply exchange two zones, and one of the zones is empty, the cards in the zones are still exchanged.

701.10g: A spell or ability may instruct a player to exchange two numerical values. In such an exchange, each value becomes equal to the previous value of the other. If either of those values is a life total, the affected player gains or loses the amount of life necessary to equal the other value. Replacement effects may modify this gain or loss, and triggered abilities may trigger on it. A player who can't gain life can't be given a higher life total this way, and a player who can't lose life can't be given a lower life total this way (see rules 119.7 -8). If either of those values is a power or toughness, a continuous effect is created setting that power or toughness to the other value (see rule 613.4b ). This rule does not apply to spells and abilities that switch a creature's power and toughness.

701.10h: One card (Exchange of Words) instructs a player to exchange the text boxes of two creatures. This creates a text-changing effect (see rule 612 , "Text-Changing Effects"). In such an exchange, the rules text of each permanent becomes the previous rules text of the other.

701.11a: To exile an object, move it to the exile zone from wherever it is. See rule 406 , "Exile."

701.12a: A spell or ability may instruct a creature to fight another creature or it may instruct two creatures to fight each other. Each of those creatures deals damage equal to its power to the other creature.

701.12b: If one or both creatures instructed to fight are no longer on the battlefield or are no longer creatures, neither of them fights or deals damage. If one or both creatures are illegal targets for a resolving spell or ability that instructs them to fight, neither of them fights or deals damage.

701.12c: If a creature fights itself, it deals damage to itself equal to twice its power.

701.12d: The damage dealt when a creature fights isn't combat damage.

701.13a: For a player to mill a number of cards, that player puts that many cards from the top of their library into their graveyard.

701.13b: A player can't mill a number of cards greater than the number of cards in their library. If given the choice to do so, they can't choose to take that action. If instructed to do so, they mill as many as possible. Similarly, the player can't pay a cost that includes milling a number of cards greater than the number of cards in their library.

701.13c: An effect that refers to a milled card can find that card in the zone it moved to from the library, as long as that zone is a public zone.

701.13d: If an ability checks information about a single milled card but more than one card was milled, that ability refers to each of the milled cards. If that ability asks for any information about the milled card, such as a characteristic or mana value, it gets multiple answers. If these answers are used to determine the value of a variable, the sum of the answers is used. If that ability performs any actions on "the" card, it performs that action on each milled card. If that ability performs any actions on "a" card, the controller of the ability chooses which card is affected.

701.14a: To play a land means to put it onto the battlefield from the zone it's in (usually the hand). A player may play a land if they have priority, it's the main phase of their turn, the stack is empty, and they haven't played a land this turn. Playing a land is a special action (see rule 116 ), so it doesn't use the stack; it simply happens. Putting a land onto the battlefield as the result of a spell or ability isn't the same as playing a land. See rule 305 , "Lands."

701.14b: To play a card means to play that card as a land or to cast that card as a spell, whichever is appropriate.

701.14c: Some effects instruct a player to "play" with a certain aspect of the game changed, such as "Play with the top card of your library revealed." "Play" in this sense means to play the Magic game.

701.14d: Previously, the action of casting a spell, or casting a card as a spell, was referred to on cards as "playing" that spell or that card. Cards that were printed with that text have received errata in the Oracle card reference so they now refer to "casting" that spell or that card.

701.14e: Previously, the action of using an activated ability was referred to on cards as "playing" that ability. Cards that were printed with that text have received errata in the Oracle card reference so they now refer to "activating" that ability.

701.15a: If the effect of a resolving spell or ability regenerates a permanent, it creates a replacement effect that protects the permanent the next time it would be destroyed this turn. In this case, "Regenerate [permanent]" means "The next time [permanent] would be destroyed this turn, instead remove all damage marked on it and its controller taps it. If it's an attacking or blocking creature, remove it from combat."

701.15b: If the effect of a static ability regenerates a permanent, it replaces destruction with an alternate effect each time that permanent would be destroyed. In this case, "Regenerate [permanent]" means "Instead remove all damage marked on [permanent] and its controller taps it. If it's an attacking or blocking creature, remove it from combat."

701.15c: Neither activating an ability that creates a regeneration shield nor casting a spell that creates a regeneration shield is the same as regenerating a permanent. Effects that say that a permanent can't be regenerated don't preclude such abilities from being activated or such spells from being cast; rather, they cause regeneration shields to not be applied.

701.16a: To reveal a card, show that card to all players for a brief time. If an effect causes a card to be revealed, it remains revealed for as long as necessary to complete the parts of the effect that card is relevant to. If the cost to cast a spell or activate an ability includes revealing a card, or if a card is revealed because an ability is activated from a hidden zone (see rule 602.2a ), the card remains revealed from the time the spell or ability is announced until the time it leaves the stack. If revealing a card causes a triggered ability to trigger, the card remains revealed until that triggered ability leaves the stack. If that ability isn't put onto the stack the next time a player would receive priority, the card ceases to be revealed.

701.16b: Revealing a card doesn't cause it to leave the zone it's in.

701.16c: If cards in a player's library are shuffled or otherwise reordered, any revealed cards that are reordered stop being revealed and become new objects.

701.16d: Some effects instruct a player to look at one or more cards. Looking at a card follows the same rules as revealing a card, except that the card is shown only to the specified player.

701.17a: To sacrifice a permanent, its controller moves it from the battlefield directly to its owner's graveyard. A player can't sacrifice something that isn't a permanent, or something that's a permanent they don't control. Sacrificing a permanent doesn't destroy it, so regeneration or other effects that replace destruction can't affect this action.

701.18a: To "scry N" means to look at the top N cards of your library, then put any number of them on the bottom of your library in any order and the rest on top of your library in any order.

701.18b: If a player is instructed to scry 0, no scry event occurs. Abilities that trigger whenever a player scries won't trigger.

701.18c: If multiple players scry at once, each of those players looks at the top cards of their library at the same time. Those players decide in APNAP order (see rule 101.4 ) where to put those cards, then those cards move at the same time.

701.18d: An ability that triggers whenever a player scries triggers after the process described in rule 701.18a is complete, even if some or all of those actions were impossible.

701.19a: To search for a card in a zone, look at all cards in that zone (even if it's a hidden zone) and find a card that matches the given description.

701.19b: If a player is searching a hidden zone for cards with a stated quality, such as a card with a certain card type or color, that player isn't required to find some or all of those cards even if they're present in that zone.

701.19c: If a player is instructed to search a hidden zone for cards that match an undefined quality, that player may still search that zone but can't find any cards.

701.19d: If a player is searching a hidden zone simply for a quantity of cards, such as "a card" or "three cards," that player must find that many cards (or as many as possible, if the zone doesn't contain enough cards).

701.19e: If the effect that contains the search instruction doesn't also contain instructions to reveal the found card(s), then they're not revealed.

701.19f: If searching a zone is replaced with searching a portion of that zone, any other instructions that refer to searching the zone still apply. Any abilities that trigger on a library being searched will trigger.

701.19g: If an effect offers a player a choice to search a zone and take additional actions with the cards found, that player may choose to search even if the additional actions are illegal or impossible.

701.19h: An effect may instruct a player to search a library for one or more cards more than once before instructing a player to shuffle that library. This is the same as a single instruction for that player to search that library for all those cards. The player searches that library only once.

701.19i: If multiple players search at once, each of those players looks at the appropriate cards at the same time, then those players decide in APNAP order (see rule 101.4 ) which card to find.

701.19j: If an effect instructs a player to search outside the game for a card, that player may choose an appropriate card they own from outside the game.

701.20a: To shuffle a library or a face-down pile of cards, randomize the cards within it so that no player knows their order.

701.20b: Some effects cause a player to search a library for a card or cards, shuffle that library, then put some or all of the found cards into a different zone or in a certain position in that library. In such cases, the found cards aren't included in the shuffle, even though they remain in the library at that time. Rather, all the cards in that library except those are shuffled. Abilities that trigger when a library is shuffled will still trigger. See also rule 401, "Library."

701.20c: If an effect would cause a player to shuffle one or more specific objects into a library, that library is shuffled even if none of those objects are in the zone they're expected to be in or an effect causes all of those objects to be moved to another zone or remain in their current zone.

701.20d: If an effect would cause a player to shuffle a set of objects into a library, that library is shuffled even if there are no objects in that set.

701.20e: If an effect causes a player to shuffle a library containing zero or one cards, abilities that trigger when a library is shuffled will still trigger.

701.20f: If two or more effects cause a library to be shuffled multiple times simultaneously, abilities that trigger when that library is shuffled will trigger that many times.

701.20g: If an effect would cause a player to shuffle a library at the same time that an object would be put into a certain position in that library, the result is a shuffled library that's randomized except that the object is in the specified position.

701.21a: To tap a permanent, turn it sideways from an upright position. Only untapped permanents can be tapped.

701.21b: To untap a permanent, rotate it back to the upright position from a sideways position. Only tapped permanents can be untapped.

701.22a: To "fateseal N" means to look at the top N cards of an opponent's library, then put any number of them on the bottom of that library in any order and the rest on top of that library in any order.

701.23a: To clash, a player reveals the top card of their library. That player may then put that card on the bottom of their library.

701.23b: "Clash with an opponent" means "Choose an opponent. You and that opponent each clash."

701.23c: Each clashing player reveals the top card of their library at the same time. Then those players decide in APNAP order (see rule 101.4 ) where to put those cards, then those cards move at the same time.

701.23d: A player wins a clash if that player revealed a card with a higher mana value than all other cards revealed in that clash.

701.24a: A player may planeswalk only during a Planechase game. Only the planar controller may planeswalk. See rule 901 , "Planechase."

701.24b: To planeswalk is to put each face-up plane card and phenomenon card on the bottom of its owner's planar deck face down, then move the top card of your planar deck off that planar deck and turn it face up.

701.24c: A player may planeswalk as the result of the "planeswalking ability" (see rule 901.8 ), because the owner of a face-up plane card or phenomenon card leaves the game (see rule 901.10 ), or because a phenomenon's triggered ability leaves the stack (see rule 704.6f ). Abilities may also instruct a player to planeswalk.

701.24d: The plane card that's turned face up is the plane the player planeswalks to. The plane card that's turned face down or that leaves the game is the plane the player planeswalks away from. The same is true with respect to phenomena.

701.25a: Only a scheme card may be set in motion, and only during an Archenemy game. Only the archenemy may set a scheme card in motion. See rule 314 , "Schemes," and rule 904, "Archenemy."

701.25b: To set a scheme in motion, move it off the top of your scheme deck if it's on top of your scheme deck and turn it face up if it isn't face up. That scheme is considered to have been set in motion even if neither of these actions was performed on it.

701.25c: Schemes may only be set in motion one at a time. If a player is instructed to set multiple schemes in motion, that player sets a scheme in motion that many times.

701.26a: Only a face-up ongoing scheme card may be abandoned, and only during an Archenemy game. See rule 314 , "Schemes," and rule 904, "Archenemy."

701.26b: To abandon a scheme, turn it face down and put it on the bottom of its owner's scheme deck.

701.27a: To proliferate means to choose any number of permanents and/or players that have a counter, then give each one additional counter of each kind that permanent or player already has.

701.27b: In a Two-Headed Giant game, poison counters are shared by the team. If more than one player on a team is chosen this way, only one of those players can be given an additional poison counter. The player who proliferates chooses which player that is. See rule 810 , "Two-Headed Giant Variant."

701.28a: To transform a permanent, turn it over so that its other face is up. Only transforming tokens and permanents represented by transforming double-faced cards can transform. (See rule 712 , "Double-Faced Cards.")

701.28b: Although transforming a permanent uses the same physical action as turning a permanent face up or face down, they are different game actions. Abilities that trigger when a permanent is turned face down won't trigger when that permanent transforms, and so on.

701.28c: If a spell or ability instructs a player to transform a permanent that isn't represented by a transforming token or a transforming double-faced card, nothing happens.

701.28d: If a spell or ability instructs a player to transform a permanent, and the face that permanent would transform into is represented by an instant or sorcery card face, or is a transforming token that was created with an instant or sorcery face, nothing happens.

701.28e: Some triggered abilities trigger when an object "transforms into" an object with a specified characteristic. Such an ability triggers if the object either transforms or converts (see rule 701.50 ) and has the specified characteristic immediately after it does so.

701.28f: If an activated or triggered ability of a permanent that isn't a delayed triggered ability of that permanent tries to transform it, the permanent does so only if it hasn't transformed or converted since the ability was put onto the stack. If a delayed triggered ability of a permanent tries to transform that permanent, the permanent does so only if it hasn't transformed or converted since that delayed triggered ability was created. In both cases, if the permanent has already transformed or converted, an instruction to do either is ignored.

701.28g: Some spells and abilities refer to a "transformed permanent." This phrase refers to a permanent on the battlefield with its back face up that's also a transforming double-faced card or a transforming token. A permanent with its front face up is never considered a transformed permanent, even if it had its back face up previously.

701.29a: Certain spells and abilities can detain a permanent. Until the next turn of the controller of that spell or ability, that permanent can't attack or block and its activated abilities can't be activated.

701.30a: To populate means to choose a creature token you control and create a token that's a copy of that creature token.

701.30b: If you control no creature tokens when instructed to populate, you won't create a token.

701.31a: "Monstrosity N" means "If this permanent isn't monstrous, put N +1/+1 counters on it and it becomes monstrous."

701.31b: Monstrous is a designation that has no rules meaning other than to act as a marker that the monstrosity action and other spells and abilities can identify. Only permanents can be or become monstrous. Once a permanent becomes monstrous, it stays monstrous until it leaves the battlefield. Monstrous is neither an ability nor part of the permanent's copiable values.

701.31c: If a permanent's ability instructs a player to "monstrosity X," other abilities of that permanent may also refer to X. The value of X in those abilities is equal to the value of X as that permanent became monstrous.

701.32a: Some spells and abilities instruct players to vote for one choice from a list of options to determine some aspect of the effect of that spell or ability. To vote, each player, starting with a specified player and proceeding in turn order, chooses one of those choices.

701.32b: The listed choices may be objects, words with no rules meaning that are each connected to a different effect, or other variables relevant to the resolution of the spell or ability.

701.32c: If the text of a spell or ability refers to "voting," it refers only to an actual vote, not to any spell or ability that involves the players making choices or decisions without using the word "vote."

701.32d: If an effect gives a player multiple votes, those votes all happen at the same time the player would otherwise have voted.

701.33a: "Bolster N" means "Choose a creature you control with the least toughness or tied for least toughness among creatures you control. Put N +1/+1 counters on that creature."

701.34a: To manifest a card, turn it face down. It becomes a 2/2 face-down creature card with no text, no name, no subtypes, and no mana cost. Put that card onto the battlefield face down. That permanent is a manifested permanent for as long as it remains face down. The effect defining its characteristics works while the card is face down and ends when it's turned face up.

701.34b: Any time you have priority, you may turn a manifested permanent you control face up. This is a special action that doesn't use the stack (see rule 116.2b ). To do this, show all players that the card representing that permanent is a creature card and what that card's mana cost is, pay that cost, then turn the permanent face up. The effect defining its characteristics while it was face down ends, and it regains its normal characteristics. (If the card representing that permanent isn't a creature card or it doesn't have a mana cost, it can't be turned face up this way.)

701.34c: If a card with morph is manifested, its controller may turn that card face up using either the procedure described in rule 702.37e to turn a face-down permanent with morph face up or the procedure described above to turn a manifested permanent face up.

701.34d: If a card with disguise is manifested, its controller may turn that card face up using either the procedure described in rule 702.168d to turn a face-down permanent with disguise face up or the procedure described above to turn a manifested permanent face up.

701.34e: If an effect instructs a player to manifest multiple cards from their library, those cards are manifested one at a time.

701.34f: If an effect instructs a player to manifest a card and a rule or effect prohibits the face-down object from entering the battlefield, that card isn't manifested. Its characteristics remain unmodified and it remains in its previous zone. If it was face up, it remains face up.

701.34g: If a manifested permanent that's represented by an instant or sorcery card would turn face up, its controller reveals it and leaves it face down. Abilities that trigger whenever a permanent is turned face up won't trigger.

701.34h: See rule 708 , "Face-Down Spells and Permanents," for more information.

701.35a: "Support N" on a permanent means "Put a +1/+1 counter on each of up to N other target creatures." "Support N" on an instant or sorcery spell means "Put a +1/+1 counter on each of up to N target creatures."

701.36a: "Investigate" means "Create a Clue token." See rule 111.10f

701.37a: Meld is a keyword action that appears in an ability on one card in a meld pair. To meld the two cards in a meld pair, put them onto the battlefield with their back faces up and combined. The resulting permanent is a single object represented by two cards. See rule 712 , "Double-Faced Cards."

701.37b: Only two cards belonging to the same meld pair can be melded. Tokens, cards that aren't meld cards, or meld cards that don't form a meld pair can't be melded.

701.37c: If an effect instructs a player to meld objects that can't be melded, they stay in their current zone.

701.38a: Certain spells and abilities can goad a creature. Until the next turn of the controller of that spell or ability, that creature is goaded.

701.38b: Goaded is a designation a permanent can have. A goaded creature attacks each combat if able and attacks a player other than the controller of the permanent, spell, or ability that caused it to be goaded if able. Goaded is neither an ability nor part of the permanent's copiable values.

701.38c: A creature can be goaded by multiple players. Doing so creates additional combat requirements.

701.38d: Once a player has goaded a creature, the same player goading it again has no effect. Doing so doesn't create additional combat requirements.

701.39a: To exert a permanent, you choose to have it not untap during your next untap step.

701.39b: A permanent can be exerted even if it's not tapped or has already been exerted in a turn. If you exert a permanent more than once before your next untap step, each effect causing it not to untap expires during the same untap step.

701.39c: An object that isn't on the battlefield can't be exerted.

701.39d: "You may exert [this creature] as it attacks" is an optional cost to attack (see rule 508.1g ). Some objects with this static ability have a triggered ability that triggers "when you do" printed in the same paragraph. These abilities are linked. (See rule 607.2h )

701.40a: Certain abilities instruct a permanent to explore. To do so, that permanent's controller reveals the top card of their library. If a land card is revealed this way, that player puts that card into their hand. Otherwise, that player puts a +1/+1 counter on the exploring permanent and may put the revealed card into their graveyard.

701.40b: A permanent "explores" after the process described in rule 701.40a is complete, even if some or all of those actions were impossible.

701.40c: If a permanent changes zones before an effect causes it to explore, its last known information is used to determine which object explored and who controlled it.

701.41a: Assemble is a keyword action in the Unstable set that puts Contraptions onto the battlefield. Outside of silver-bordered cards, only one card (Steamflogger Boss) refers to assembling a Contraption. Cards and mechanics from the Unstable set aren't included in these rules. See the Unstable FAQ for more information.

701.42a: To "surveil N" means to look at the top N cards of your library, then put any number of them into your graveyard and the rest on top of your library in any order.

701.42b: If an effect allows you to look at additional cards while you surveil, those cards are included among the cards you may put into your graveyard and on top of your library in any order.

701.42c: If a player is instructed to surveil 0, no surveil event occurs. Abilities that trigger whenever a player surveils won't trigger.

701.42d: An ability that triggers whenever a player surveils triggers after the process described in rule 701.42a is complete, even if some or all of those actions were impossible.

701.43a: "Adapt N" means "If this permanent has no +1/+1 counters on it, put N +1/+1 counters on it."

701.44a: To amass [subtype] N means "If you don't control an Army creature, create a 0/0 black [subtype] Army creature token. Choose an Army creature you control. Put N +1/+1 counters on that creature. If it isn't a [subtype], it becomes a [subtype] in addition to its other types."

701.44b: A player "amassed" after the process described in rule 701.44a is complete, even if some or all of those actions were impossible.

701.44c: The phrases "the Army you amassed" and "the amassed Army" refer to the creature you chose, whether or not it received counters.

701.44d: Some older cards were printed with amass N without including a subtype. Those cards have received errata in the Oracle card reference so that they read "amass Zombies N."

701.45a: "Learn" means "You may discard a card. If you do, draw a card. If you didn't discard a card, you may reveal a Lesson card you own from outside the game and put it into your hand."

701.46a: If a player is instructed to venture into the dungeon while they don't own a dungeon card in the command zone, they choose a dungeon card they own from outside the game and put it into the command zone. They put their venture marker on the topmost room. See rule 309 , "Dungeons."

701.46b: If a player is instructed to venture into the dungeon while their venture marker is in any room except a dungeon card's bottommost room, they choose an adjacent room, following the direction of an arrow pointing away from their current room. If there are multiple arrows pointing away from the room the player's venture marker is in, they choose one of them to follow. They move their venture marker to that adjacent room.

701.46c: If a player is instructed to venture into the dungeon while their venture marker is in the bottommost room of a dungeon card, they remove that dungeon card from the game. Doing so causes the player to complete that dungeon (see rule 309.7 ). They then choose an appropriate dungeon card they own from outside the game, put it into the command zone, and put their venture marker on the topmost room of that dungeon.

701.46d: Venture into [quality] is a variant of venture into the dungeon. If a player is instructed to "venture into [quality]" while they don't own a dungeon card in the command zone, they choose a dungeon card they own from outside the game with the indicated quality and put it into the command zone. They put their venture marker on the topmost room of that dungeon. If they already own a dungeon card in the command zone, they follow the normal procedure for venturing into the dungeon outlined in 701.46b -c.

701.47a: Certain abilities instruct a permanent to connive. To do so, that permanent's controller draws a card, then discards a card. If a nonland card is discarded this way, that player puts a +1/+1 counter on the conniving permanent.

701.47b: A permanent "connives" after the process described in rule 701.47a is complete, even if some or all of those actions were impossible.

701.47c: If a permanent changes zones before an effect causes it to connive, its last known information is used to determine which object connived and who controlled it.

701.47d: If multiple permanents are instructed to connive at the same time, the first player in APNAP order who controls one or more of those permanents chooses one of them and it connives. Then if any permanents remain on the battlefield which have been instructed to connive and have not done so, this process is repeated.

701.47e: Connive N is a variant of connive. The permanent's controller draws N cards, discards N cards, then puts a number of +1/+1 counters on the permanent equal to the number of nonland cards discarded this way.

701.48a: A player may open an Attraction only during a game in which that player is playing with an Attraction deck (see rule 717 , "Attraction Cards").

701.48b: To open an Attraction, move the top card of your Attraction deck off the Attraction deck, turn it face up, and put it onto the battlefield under your control.

701.48c: An ability which triggers whenever a player opens an Attraction triggers when that player puts an Attraction card onto the battlefield while performing the instruction in the above rule. If an effect prevents that Attraction from entering the battlefield or replaces entering the battlefield with another event, that ability doesn't trigger.

701.49a: To roll to visit your Attractions, roll a six-sided die. Then if you control one or more Attractions with a number lit up that is equal to that result, each of those Attractions has been "visited" and its visit ability triggers. See rule 717 , "Attraction Cards," and rule 702.159 , "Visit."

701.50a: To convert a permanent, turn it so that its other face is up. This follows rules 701.28a -f, 712.9 -10, and 712.18 Those rules apply to converting a permanent just as they apply to transforming a permanent.

701.50b: Although converting a permanent uses the same physical action as turning a permanent face up or face down, they are different game actions. Abilities that trigger when a permanent is turned face down won't trigger when that permanent converts, and so on.

701.50c: If a spell or ability instructs a player to convert a permanent that isn't represented by a transforming token or a transforming double-faced card, nothing happens.

701.50d: If a spell or ability instructs a player to convert a permanent, and the face that permanent would convert into is represented by an instant or sorcery card face, or is a transforming token that was created with an instant or sorcery face, nothing happens.

701.50e: If an activated or triggered ability of a permanent that isn't a delayed triggered ability of that permanent tries to convert it, the permanent does so only if it hasn't converted or transformed since the ability was put onto the stack. If a delayed triggered ability of a permanent tries to convert that permanent, the permanent does so only if it hasn't converted or transformed since that delayed triggered ability was created. In both cases, if the permanent has already transformed or converted, an instruction to do either is ignored.

701.50f: If a spell or ability states that a permanent can't transform, that permanent also can't convert.

701.51a: To incubate N, create an Incubator token that enters the battlefield with N +1/+1 counters on it. See rule 111.10i

701.51b: An Incubator token is a transforming double-faced token. Its front face is a colorless Incubator artifact with " : Transform this artifact." Its back face is a 0/0 colorless Phyrexian artifact creature named "Phyrexian Token."

701.52a: Certain spells and abilities have the text "the Ring tempts you." Each time the Ring tempts you, choose a creature you control. That creature becomes your Ring-bearer until another creature becomes your Ring-bearer or another player gains control of it.

701.52b: Ring-bearer is a designation a permanent can have. Being a Ring-bearer is not a copiable value.

701.52c: If a player doesn't have an emblem named The Ring at the time the Ring tempts them, they get an emblem named The Ring before choosing a creature to be their Ring-bearer. The Ring has "Your Ring-bearer is legendary and can't be blocked by creatures with greater power." As long as the Ring has tempted that player two or more times, it has "Whenever your Ring-bearer attacks, draw a card, then discard a card." As long as the Ring has tempted that player three or more times, it has "Whenever your Ring-bearer becomes blocked by a creature, the blocking creature's controller sacrifices it at end of combat." As long as the Ring has tempted that player four or more times, it has "Whenever your Ring-bearer deals combat damage to a player, each opponent loses 3 life."

701.52d: Some abilities trigger "Whenever the Ring tempts you." The Ring tempts a player whenever they complete the actions in 701.52a , even if some or all of those actions were impossible.

701.52e: Some abilities check to see if a creature "is your Ring-bearer." For the purposes of those abilities, that condition is true if that creature is on the battlefield under your control and has the Ring-bearer designation.

701.53a: "[A player] faces a villainous choice — [option A], or [option B]" means "[A player] chooses [option A] or [option B]. Then all actions in the chosen option are performed."

701.53b: While facing a villainous choice, a player may choose an option that is illegal or impossible. In that case, they perform as much of the action as is possible. This is an exception to rule 608.2d

701.53c: A replacement effect may replace an instruction to face a villainous choice with an instruction to face that choice some number of additional times. In that case, the entire process described in rule 701.53a is performed for that player the appropriate number of times one at a time.

701.53d: If more than one player is instructed to face a villainous choice, the entire process described in rule 701.53a is performed for each of those players one at a time in APNAP order. This is an exception to rule 608.2e

701.54a: To time travel means to choose any number of permanents you control with one or more time counters on them and/or suspended cards you own in exile with one or more time counters on them and, for each of those objects, put a time counter on it or remove a time counter from it. See rule 702.62 , "Suspend."

701.55a: "Discover N" means "Exile cards from the top of your library until you exile a nonland card with mana value N or less. You may cast that card without paying its mana cost if the resulting spell's mana value is less than or equal to N. If you don't cast it, put that card into your hand. Put the remaining exiled cards on the bottom of your library in a random order."

701.55b: A player has "discovered" after the process described in 701.55a is complete, even if some or all of those actions were impossible.

701.55c: If the final card exiled during the process described in rule 701.55a has mana value N or less, it is the "discovered card," regardless of whether it was cast or put into a player's hand.

701.56a: To cloak a card, turn it face down. It becomes a 2/2 face-down creature card with ward , no name, no subtypes, and no mana cost. Put that card onto the battlefield face down. That permanent is a cloaked permanent for as long as it remains face down. The effect defining its characteristics works while the card is face down and ends when it's turned face up.

701.56b: Any time you have priority, you may turn a cloaked permanent you control face up. This is a special action that doesn't use the stack (see rule 116.2b ). To do this, show all players that the card representing that permanent is a creature card and what that card's mana cost is, pay that cost, then turn the permanent face up. The effect defining its characteristics while it was face down ends, and it regains its normal characteristics. (If the card representing that permanent isn't a creature card or it doesn't have a mana cost, it can't be turned face up this way.)

701.56c: If a card with morph is cloaked, its controller may turn that card face up using either the procedure described in rule 702.37e to turn a face-down permanent with morph face up or the procedure described above to turn a cloaked permanent face up.

701.56d: If a card with disguise is cloaked, its controller may turn that card face up using either the procedure described in rule 702.168d to turn a face-down permanent with disguise face up or the procedure described above to turn a cloaked permanent face up.

701.56e: If an effect instructs a player to cloak multiple cards from a single library, those cards are cloaked one at a time.

701.56f: If an effect instructs a player to cloak a card and a rule or effect prohibits the face-down object from entering the battlefield, that card isn't cloaked. Its characteristics remain unmodified and it remains in its previous zone. If it was face up, it remains face up.

701.56g: If a cloaked permanent that's represented by an instant or sorcery card would turn face up, its controller reveals it and leaves it face down. Abilities that trigger whenever a permanent is turned face up won't trigger.

701.56h: See rule 708 , "Face-Down Spells and Permanents," for more information.

701.57a: To "collect evidence N" means to exile any number of cards from your graveyard with total mana value N or greater.

701.57b: If a player is given the choice to collect evidence but is unable to exile cards with total mana value N or greater from their graveyard (usually because there aren't enough cards to do so) they can't choose to collect evidence.

701.57c: A spell that has an ability that allows a player to collect evidence as an additional cost to cast it may have another ability that refers to whether evidence was collected. These abilities are linked. See rule 607 , "Linked Abilities."

701.58a: Certain spells and abilities instruct a player to suspect a creature. That creature becomes suspected until it leaves the battlefield or until a spell or ability causes it to no longer be suspected.

701.58b: Suspected is a designation a permanent can have. Only permanents can have the suspected designation. Suspected is neither an ability nor part of the permanent's copiable values.

701.58c: A suspected permanent has menace and "This creature can't block" for as long as it's suspected.

701.58d: A suspected permanent can't become suspected again.

701.59a: To forage means "Exile three cards from your graveyard or sacrifice a Food."

702.1a: If an effect refers to a "[keyword ability] cost," it refers only to the variable costs for that keyword.

702.1b: An effect that grants an object a keyword ability may define a variable in that ability based on characteristics of that object or other information about the game state. For these abilities, the value of that variable is constantly reevaluated.

702.1c: An effect may state that "the same is true for" a list of keyword abilities or similar. If one of those keyword abilities has variants or variables and the effect grants that keyword or counters of that keyword to one or more objects and/or players, it grants each appropriate variant and variable of that keyword.

702.1d: An effect may refer to an object "with [keyword ability]" or "that has [keyword ability]." This means the same thing as an object "with a [keyword ability] ability" or an object "that has a [keyword ability] ability."

702.2a: Deathtouch is a static ability.

702.2b: A creature with toughness greater than 0 that's been dealt damage by a source with deathtouch since the last time state-based actions were checked is destroyed as a state-based action. See rule 704

702.2c: Any nonzero amount of combat damage assigned to a creature by a source with deathtouch is considered to be lethal damage for the purposes of determining if a proposed combat damage assignment is valid, regardless of that creature's toughness. See rules 510.1c -d.

702.2d: The deathtouch rules function no matter what zone an object with deathtouch deals damage from.

702.2e: If an object changes zones before an effect causes it to deal damage, its last known information is used to determine whether it had deathtouch.

702.2f: Multiple instances of deathtouch on the same object are redundant.

702.3a: Defender is a static ability.

702.3b: A creature with defender can't attack.

702.3c: Multiple instances of defender on the same creature are redundant.

702.4a: Double strike is a static ability that modifies the rules for the combat damage step. (See rule 510 , "Combat Damage Step.")

702.4b: If at least one attacking or blocking creature has first strike (see rule 702.7 ) or double strike as the combat damage step begins, the only creatures that assign combat damage in that step are those with first strike or double strike. After that step, instead of proceeding to the end of combat step, the phase gets a second combat damage step. The only creatures that assign combat damage in that step are the remaining attackers and blockers that had neither first strike nor double strike as the first combat damage step began, as well as the remaining attackers and blockers that currently have double strike. After that step, the phase proceeds to the end of combat step.

702.4c: Removing double strike from a creature during the first combat damage step will stop it from assigning combat damage in the second combat damage step.

702.4d: Giving double strike to a creature with first strike after it has already dealt combat damage in the first combat damage step will allow the creature to assign combat damage in the second combat damage step.

702.4e: Multiple instances of double strike on the same creature are redundant.

702.5a: Enchant is a static ability, written "Enchant [object or player]." The enchant ability restricts what an Aura spell can target and what an Aura can enchant.

702.5b: For more information about Auras, see rule 303 , "Enchantments."

702.5c: If an Aura has multiple instances of enchant, all of them apply. The Aura's target must follow the restrictions from all the instances of enchant. The Aura can enchant only objects or players that match all of its enchant abilities.

702.5d: Auras that can enchant a player can target and be attached to players. Such Auras can't target permanents and can't be attached to permanents.

702.6a: Equip is an activated ability of Equipment cards. "Equip [cost]" means "[Cost]: Attach this permanent to target creature you control. Activate only as a sorcery."

702.6b: For more information about Equipment, see rule 301 , "Artifacts."

702.6c: Equip abilities may further restrict what creatures may be chosen as legal targets. Such restrictions usually appear in the form "Equip [quality]" or "Equip [quality] creature." These equip abilities may legally target only a creature that's controlled by the player activating the ability and that has the chosen quality. Additional restrictions for an equip ability don't restrict what the Equipment may be attached to.

702.6d: If a permanent has multiple equip abilities, any of its equip abilities may be activated.

702.6e: "Equip planeswalker" is a variant of the equip ability. "Equip planeswalker [cost]" means "[Cost]: Attach this permanent to target planeswalker you control as though that planeswalker were a creature. Activate only as a sorcery."

702.7a: First strike is a static ability that modifies the rules for the combat damage step. (See rule 510 , "Combat Damage Step.")

702.7b: If at least one attacking or blocking creature has first strike or double strike (see rule 702.4 ) as the combat damage step begins, the only creatures that assign combat damage in that step are those with first strike or double strike. After that step, instead of proceeding to the end of combat step, the phase gets a second combat damage step. The only creatures that assign combat damage in that step are the remaining attackers and blockers that had neither first strike nor double strike as the first combat damage step began, as well as the remaining attackers and blockers that currently have double strike. After that step, the phase proceeds to the end of combat step.

702.7c: Giving first strike to a creature without it after combat damage has already been dealt in the first combat damage step won't preclude that creature from assigning combat damage in the second combat damage step. Removing first strike from a creature after it has already dealt combat damage in the first combat damage step won't allow it to also assign combat damage in the second combat damage step (unless the creature has double strike).

702.7d: Multiple instances of first strike on the same creature are redundant.

702.8a: Flash is a static ability that functions in any zone from which you could play the card it's on. "Flash" means "You may play this card any time you could cast an instant."

702.8b: Multiple instances of flash on the same object are redundant.

702.9a: Flying is an evasion ability.

702.9b: A creature with flying can't be blocked except by creatures with flying and/or reach. A creature with flying can block a creature with or without flying. (See rule 509 , "Declare Blockers Step," and rule 702.17 , "Reach.")

702.9c: Multiple instances of flying on the same creature are redundant.

702.10a: Haste is a static ability.

702.10b: If a creature has haste, it can attack even if it hasn't been controlled by its controller continuously since their most recent turn began. (See rule 302.6 )

702.10c: If a creature has haste, its controller can activate its activated abilities whose cost includes the tap symbol or the untap symbol even if that creature hasn't been controlled by that player continuously since their most recent turn began. (See rule 302.6 )

702.10d: Multiple instances of haste on the same creature are redundant.

702.11a: Hexproof is a static ability.

702.11b: "Hexproof" on a permanent means "This permanent can't be the target of spells or abilities your opponents control."

702.11c: "Hexproof" on a player means "You can't be the target of spells or abilities your opponents control."

702.11d: "Hexproof from [quality]" is a variant of the hexproof ability. "Hexproof from [quality]" on a permanent means "This permanent can't be the target of [quality] spells your opponents control or abilities your opponents control from [quality] sources." A "hexproof from [quality]" ability is a hexproof ability.

702.11e: Any effect that causes an object to lose hexproof will cause an object to lose all "hexproof from [quality]" abilities. Any effect that allows a player to choose a creature with hexproof as a target as though it didn't have hexproof will allow a player to choose a creature with a "hexproof from [quality]" ability. Any effect that looks for a card with hexproof will find a card with a "hexproof from [quality]" ability.

702.11f: "Hexproof from [quality A] and from [quality B]" is shorthand for "hexproof from [quality A]" and "hexproof from [quality B]"; it behaves as two separate hexproof abilities.

702.11g: "Hexproof from each [characteristic]" is shorthand for "hexproof from [quality A]," "hexproof from [quality B]," and so on for each possible quality the listed characteristic could have; it behaves as multiple separate hexproof abilities.

702.11h: Multiple instances of the same hexproof ability on the same permanent or player are redundant.

702.12a: Indestructible is a static ability.

702.12b: A permanent with indestructible can't be destroyed. Such permanents aren't destroyed by lethal damage, and they ignore the state-based action that checks for lethal damage (see rule 704.5g ).

702.12c: Multiple instances of indestructible on the same permanent are redundant.

702.13a: Intimidate is an evasion ability.

702.13b: A creature with intimidate can't be blocked except by artifact creatures and/or creatures that share a color with it. (See rule 509 , "Declare Blockers Step.")

702.13c: Multiple instances of intimidate on the same creature are redundant.

702.14a: Landwalk is a generic term that appears within an object's rules text as "[type]walk," where [type] is usually a land type, but it can also be the card type land plus any combination of land types, card types, and/or supertypes.

702.14b: Landwalk is an evasion ability.

702.14c: A creature with landwalk can't be blocked as long as the defending player controls at least one land with the specified land type (as in "islandwalk"), with the specified type or supertype (as in "artifact landwalk"), without the specified type or supertype (as in "nonbasic landwalk"), or with both the specified type or supertype and the specified subtype (as in "snow swampwalk"). (See rule 509 , "Declare Blockers Step.")

702.14d: Landwalk abilities don't "cancel" one another.

702.14e: Multiple instances of the same kind of landwalk on the same creature are redundant.

702.15a: Lifelink is a static ability.

702.15b: Damage dealt by a source with lifelink causes that source's controller, or its owner if it has no controller, to gain that much life (in addition to any other results that damage causes). See rule 120.3

702.15c: If an object changes zones before an effect causes it to deal damage, its last known information is used to determine whether it had lifelink.

702.15d: The lifelink rules function no matter what zone an object with lifelink deals damage from.

702.15e: If multiple sources with lifelink deal damage at the same time, they cause separate life gain events (see rules 119.9 -10).

702.15f: Multiple instances of lifelink on the same object are redundant.

702.16a: Protection is a static ability, written "Protection from [quality]." This quality is usually a color (as in "protection from black") but can be any characteristic value or information. If the quality happens to be a card name, it is treated as such only if the protection ability specifies that the quality is a name. If the quality is a card type, subtype, or supertype, the ability applies to sources that are permanents with that card type, subtype, or supertype and to any sources not on the battlefield that are of that card type, subtype, or supertype. This is an exception to rule 109.2

702.16b: A permanent or player with protection can't be targeted by spells with the stated quality and can't be targeted by abilities from a source with the stated quality.

702.16c: A permanent or player with protection can't be enchanted by Auras that have the stated quality. Such Auras attached to the permanent or player with protection will be put into their owners' graveyards as a state-based action. (See rule 704 , "State-Based Actions.")

702.16d: A permanent with protection can't be equipped by Equipment that have the stated quality or fortified by Fortifications that have the stated quality. Such Equipment or Fortifications become unattached from that permanent as a state-based action, but remain on the battlefield. (See rule 704 , "State-Based Actions.")

702.16e: Any damage that would be dealt by sources that have the stated quality to a permanent or player with protection is prevented.

702.16f: Attacking creatures with protection can't be blocked by creatures that have the stated quality.

702.16g: "Protection from [quality A] and from [quality B]" is shorthand for "protection from [quality A]" and "protection from [quality B]"; it behaves as two separate protection abilities.

702.16h: "Protection from each [characteristic]" is shorthand for "protection from [quality A]," "protection from [quality B]," and so on for each possible quality the listed characteristic could have; it behaves as multiple separate protection abilities.

702.16i: "Protection from each [set of characteristics, qualities, or players]" is shorthand for "protection from [A]," "protection from [B]," and so on for each characteristic, quality, or player in the set. It behaves as multiple separate protection abilities.

702.16j: "Protection from everything" is a variant of the protection ability. A permanent or player with protection from everything has protection from each object regardless of that object's characteristic values. Such a permanent or player can't be targeted by spells or abilities and can't be enchanted by Auras. Such a permanent can't be equipped by Equipment, fortified by Fortifications, or blocked by creatures. All damage that would be dealt to such a permanent or player is prevented.

702.16k: "Protection from [a player]" is a variant of the protection ability. A permanent or player with protection from a specific player has protection from each object that player controls and protection from each object that player owns not controlled by another player, regardless of that object's characteristic values. Such a permanent or player can't be targeted by spells or abilities the specified player controls and can't be enchanted by Auras that player controls. Such a permanent can't be equipped by Equipment that player controls, fortified by Fortifications that player controls, or blocked by creatures that player controls. All damage that would be dealt to such a permanent or player by sources controlled by the specified player or owned by that player but not controlled by another player is prevented.

702.16m: Multiple instances of protection from the same quality on the same permanent or player are redundant.

702.16n: Some Auras both give the enchanted creature protection from a quality and say "this effect doesn't remove" either that specific Aura or all Auras. This means that the specified Auras aren't put into their owners' graveyards as a state-based action. If the creature has other instances of protection from the same quality, those instances affect Auras as normal.

702.16p: One Aura (Benevolent Blessing) gives the enchanted creature protection from a quality and says the effect doesn't remove certain permanents that are "already attached to" that creature. This means that, when the protection effect starts to apply, any objects with the stated quality that are already attached to that creature (including the Aura giving that creature protection) will not be put into their owners' graveyards as a state-based action. Other permanents with the stated quality can't become attached to the creature. If the creature has other instances of protection from the same quality, those instances affect attached permanents as normal.

702.17a: Reach is a static ability.

702.17b: A creature with flying can't be blocked except by creatures with flying and/or reach. (See rule 509 , "Declare Blockers Step," and rule 702.9 , "Flying.")

702.17c: Multiple instances of reach on the same creature are redundant.

702.18a: Shroud is a static ability. "Shroud" means "This permanent or player can't be the target of spells or abilities."

702.18b: Multiple instances of shroud on the same permanent or player are redundant.

702.19a: Trample is a static ability that modifies the rules for assigning an attacking creature's combat damage. The ability has no effect when a creature with trample is blocking or is dealing noncombat damage. (See rule 510 , "Combat Damage Step.")

702.19b: The controller of an attacking creature with trample first assigns damage to the creature(s) blocking it. Once all those blocking creatures are assigned lethal damage, any excess damage is assigned as its controller chooses among those blocking creatures and the player, planeswalker, or battle the creature is attacking. When checking for assigned lethal damage, take into account damage already marked on the creature and damage from other creatures that's being assigned during the same combat damage step, but not any abilities or effects that might change the amount of damage that's actually dealt. The attacking creature's controller need not assign lethal damage to all those blocking creatures but in that case can't assign any damage to the player or planeswalker it's attacking.

702.19c: Trample over planeswalkers is a variant of trample that modifies the rules for assigning combat damage to planeswalkers. The controller of a creature with trample over planeswalkers assigns that creature's combat damage as described in rule 702.19b , with one exception. If that creature is attacking a planeswalker, after lethal damage is assigned to all blocking creatures and damage at least equal to the loyalty of the planeswalker the creature is attacking is assigned to that planeswalker, further excess damage may be assigned as the attacking creature's controller chooses among those blocking creatures, that planeswalker, and that planeswalker's controller. When checking for assigned damage equal to a planeswalker's loyalty, take into account damage from other creatures that's being assigned during the same combat damage step, but not any abilities or effects that might change the amount of damage that's actually dealt.

702.19d: If an attacking creature with trample or trample over planeswalkers is blocked, but there are no creatures blocking it when damage is assigned, its damage is assigned to the defending player and/or planeswalker as though all blocking creatures have been assigned lethal damage.

702.19e: If a creature with trample over planeswalkers is attacking a planeswalker and that planeswalker is removed from combat, the creature's damage may be assigned to the defending player once all blocking creatures have been dealt lethal damage or, if there are no blocking creatures when damage is assigned, all its damage is assigned to the defending player. This is an exception to rule 506.4c , and it does not cause the creature to be attacking that player.

702.19f: If a creature without trample over planeswalkers is attacking a planeswalker, none of its combat damage can be assigned to the defending player, even if that planeswalker has been removed from combat or the damage the attacking creature could assign is greater than the planeswalker's loyalty.

702.19g: Multiple instances of trample on the same creature are redundant. Multiple instances of trample over planeswalkers on the same creature are redundant.

702.20a: Vigilance is a static ability that modifies the rules for the declare attackers step.

702.20b: Attacking doesn't cause creatures with vigilance to tap. (See rule 508 , "Declare Attackers Step.")

702.20c: Multiple instances of vigilance on the same creature are redundant.

702.21a: Ward is a triggered ability. Ward [cost] means "Whenever this permanent becomes the target of a spell or ability an opponent controls, counter that spell or ability unless that player pays [cost]."

702.21b: Some ward abilities include an X in their cost and state what X is equal to. This value is determined at the time the ability resolves, not locked in as the ability triggers.

702.22a: Banding is a static ability that modifies the rules for combat.

702.22b: "Bands with other" is a special form of banding. If an effect causes a permanent to lose banding, the permanent loses all "bands with other" abilities as well.

702.22c: As a player declares attackers, they may declare that one or more attacking creatures with banding and up to one attacking creature without banding (even if it has "bands with other") are all in a "band." They may also declare that one or more attacking [quality] creatures with "bands with other [quality]" and any number of other attacking [quality] creatures are all in a band. A player may declare as many attacking bands as they want, but each creature may be a member of only one of them. (Defending players can't declare bands but may use banding in a different way; see rule 702.22j )

702.22d: All creatures in an attacking band must attack the same player, planeswalker, or battle.

702.22e: Once an attacking band has been announced, it lasts for the rest of combat, even if something later removes banding or "bands with other" from one or more of the creatures in the band.

702.22f: An attacking creature that's removed from combat is also removed from the band it was in.

702.22g: Banding doesn't cause attacking creatures to share abilities, nor does it remove any abilities. The attacking creatures in a band are separate permanents.

702.22h: If an attacking creature becomes blocked by a creature, each other creature in the same band as the attacking creature becomes blocked by that same blocking creature.

702.22i: If one member of a band would become blocked due to an effect, the entire band becomes blocked.

702.22j: During the combat damage step, if an attacking creature is being blocked by a creature with banding, or by both a [quality] creature with "bands with other [quality]" and another [quality] creature, the defending player (rather than the active player) chooses how the attacking creature's damage is assigned. That player can divide that creature's combat damage as they choose among any creatures blocking it. This is an exception to the procedure described in rule 510.1c

702.22k: During the combat damage step, if a blocking creature is blocking a creature with banding, or both a [quality] creature with "bands with other [quality]" and another [quality] creature, the active player (rather than the defending player) chooses how the blocking creature's damage is assigned. That player can divide that creature's combat damage as they choose among any creatures it's blocking. This is an exception to the procedure described in rule 510.1d

702.22m: Multiple instances of banding on the same creature are redundant. Multiple instances of "bands with other" of the same kind on the same creature are redundant.

702.23a: Rampage is a triggered ability. "Rampage N" means "Whenever this creature becomes blocked, it gets +N/+N until end of turn for each creature blocking it beyond the first." (See rule 509 , "Declare Blockers Step.")

702.23b: The rampage bonus is calculated only once per combat, when the triggered ability resolves. Adding or removing blockers later in combat won't change the bonus.

702.23c: If a creature has multiple instances of rampage, each triggers separately.

702.24a: Cumulative upkeep is a triggered ability that imposes an increasing cost on a permanent. "Cumulative upkeep [cost]" means "At the beginning of your upkeep, if this permanent is on the battlefield, put an age counter on this permanent. Then you may pay [cost] for each age counter on it. If you don't, sacrifice it." If [cost] has choices associated with it, each choice is made separately for each age counter, then either the entire set of costs is paid, or none of them is paid. Partial payments aren't allowed.

702.24b: If a permanent has multiple instances of cumulative upkeep, each triggers separately. However, the age counters are not connected to any particular ability; each cumulative upkeep ability will count the total number of age counters on the permanent at the time that ability resolves.

702.25a: Flanking is a triggered ability that triggers during the declare blockers step. (See rule 509 , "Declare Blockers Step.") "Flanking" means "Whenever this creature becomes blocked by a creature without flanking, the blocking creature gets -1/-1 until end of turn."

702.25b: If a creature has multiple instances of flanking, each triggers separately.

702.26a: Phasing is a static ability that modifies the rules of the untap step. During each player's untap step, before the active player untaps permanents, all phased-in permanents with phasing that player controls "phase out." Simultaneously, all phased-out permanents that had phased out under that player's control "phase in."

702.26b: If a permanent phases out, its status changes to "phased out." Except for rules and effects that specifically mention phased-out permanents, a phased-out permanent is treated as though it does not exist. It can't affect or be affected by anything else in the game. A permanent that phases out is removed from combat. (See rule 506.4 )

702.26c: If a permanent phases in, its status changes to "phased in." The game once again treats it as though it exists.

702.26d: The phasing event doesn't actually cause a permanent to change zones or control, even though it's treated as though it's not on the battlefield and not under its controller's control while it's phased out. Zone-change triggers don't trigger when a permanent phases in or out. Tokens continue to exist on the battlefield while phased out. Counters and stickers remain on a permanent while it's phased out. Effects that check a phased-in permanent's history won't treat the phasing event as having caused the permanent to leave or enter the battlefield or its controller's control.

702.26e: If a continuous effect generated by the resolution of a spell or ability modifies the characteristics or changes the controller of any objects, a phased-out permanent won't be included in the set of affected objects. This includes continuous effects that reference the permanent specifically, unless they also specifically refer to the permanent as phased out.

702.26f: Continuous effects that affect a phased-out permanent may expire while that permanent is phased out. If so, they will no longer affect that permanent once it's phased in. In particular, effects with "for as long as" durations that track that permanent (see rule 611.2b ) end when that permanent phases out because they can no longer see it.

702.26g: When a permanent phases out, any Auras, Equipment, or Fortifications attached to that permanent phase out at the same time. This alternate way of phasing out is known as phasing out "indirectly." An Aura, Equipment, or Fortification that phased out indirectly won't phase in by itself, but instead phases in along with the permanent it's attached to.

702.26h: If an object would simultaneously phase out directly and indirectly, it just phases out indirectly.

702.26i: An Aura, Equipment, or Fortification that phased out directly will phase in attached to the object or player it was attached to when it phased out, if that object is still in the same zone or that player is still in the game. If not, that Aura, Equipment, or Fortification phases in unattached. State-based actions apply as appropriate. (See rules 704.5m and 704.5n )

702.26j: Abilities that trigger when a permanent becomes attached or unattached from an object or player don't trigger when that permanent phases in or out.

702.26k: Phased-out permanents owned by a player who leaves the game also leave the game. This doesn't trigger zone-change triggers. See rule 800.4

702.26m: If an effect causes a player to skip their untap step, the phasing event simply doesn't occur that turn.

702.26n: In a multiplayer game, game rules may cause a phased-out permanent to leave the game or to be exiled once a player leaves the game. (See rules 800.4a and 800.4c ) If a phased-out permanent phased out under the control of a player who has left the game, that permanent phases in during the next untap step after that player's next turn would have begun.

702.26p: Multiple instances of phasing on the same permanent are redundant.

702.27a: Buyback appears on some instants and sorceries. It represents two static abilities that function while the spell is on the stack. "Buyback [cost]" means "You may pay an additional [cost] as you cast this spell" and "If the buyback cost was paid, put this spell into its owner's hand instead of into that player's graveyard as it resolves." Paying a spell's buyback cost follows the rules for paying additional costs in rules 601.2b and 601.2f -h.

702.28a: Shadow is an evasion ability.

702.28b: A creature with shadow can't be blocked by creatures without shadow, and a creature without shadow can't be blocked by creatures with shadow. (See rule 509 , "Declare Blockers Step.")

702.28c: Multiple instances of shadow on the same creature are redundant.

702.29a: Cycling is an activated ability that functions only while the card with cycling is in a player's hand. "Cycling [cost]" means "[Cost], Discard this card: Draw a card."

702.29b: Although the cycling ability can be activated only if the card is in a player's hand, it continues to exist while the object is on the battlefield and in all other zones. Therefore objects with cycling will be affected by effects that depend on objects having one or more activated abilities.

702.29c: Some cards with cycling have abilities that trigger when they're cycled. "When you cycle [this card]" means "When you discard [this card] to pay an activation cost of a cycling ability." These abilities trigger from whatever zone the card winds up in after it's cycled.

702.29d: Some cards have abilities that trigger whenever a player "cycles or discards" a card. These abilities trigger only once when a card is cycled.

702.29e: Typecycling is a variant of the cycling ability. "[Type]cycling [cost]" means "[Cost], Discard this card: Search your library for a [type] card, reveal it, and put it into your hand. Then shuffle your library." This type is usually a subtype (as in "mountaincycling") but can be any card type, subtype, supertype, or combination thereof (as in "basic landcycling").

702.29f: Typecycling abilities are cycling abilities, and typecycling costs are cycling costs. Any cards that trigger when a player cycles a card will trigger when a card is discarded to pay an activation cost of a typecycling ability. Any effect that stops players from cycling cards will stop players from activating cards' typecycling abilities. Any effect that increases or reduces a cycling cost will increase or reduce a typecycling cost. Any effect that looks for a card with cycling will find a card with typecycling.

702.30a: Echo is a triggered ability. "Echo [cost]" means "At the beginning of your upkeep, if this permanent came under your control since the beginning of your last upkeep, sacrifice it unless you pay [cost]."

702.30b: Urza block cards with the echo ability were printed without an echo cost. These cards have been given errata in the Oracle card reference; each one now has an echo cost equal to its mana cost.

702.31a: Horsemanship is an evasion ability.

702.31b: A creature with horsemanship can't be blocked by creatures without horsemanship. A creature with horsemanship can block a creature with or without horsemanship. (See rule 509 , "Declare Blockers Step.")

702.31c: Multiple instances of horsemanship on the same creature are redundant.

702.32a: Fading is a keyword that represents two abilities. "Fading N" means "This permanent enters with N fade counters on it" and "At the beginning of your upkeep, remove a fade counter from this permanent. If you can't, sacrifice the permanent."

702.33a: Kicker is a static ability that functions while the spell with kicker is on the stack. "Kicker [cost]" means "You may pay an additional [cost] as you cast this spell." Paying a spell's kicker cost(s) follows the rules for paying additional costs in rules 601.2b and 601.2f -h.

702.33b: The phrase "Kicker [cost 1] and/or [cost 2]" means the same thing as "Kicker [cost 1], kicker [cost 2]."

702.33c: Multikicker is a variant of the kicker ability. "Multikicker [cost]" means "You may pay an additional [cost] any number of times as you cast this spell." A multikicker cost is a kicker cost.

702.33d: If a spell's controller declares the intention to pay any of that spell's kicker costs, that spell has been "kicked." If a spell has two kicker costs or has multikicker, it may be kicked multiple times. See rule 601.2b

702.33e: Objects with kicker or multikicker have additional abilities that specify what happens if they were kicked. These abilities are linked to the kicker or multikicker abilities printed on that object: they can refer only to those specific kicker or multikicker abilities. See rule 607 , "Linked Abilities."

702.33f: Objects with more than one kicker cost may also have abilities that each correspond to a specific kicker cost. Those abilities contain the phrases "if it was kicked with its [A] kicker" and "if it was kicked with its [B] kicker," where A and B are the first and second kicker costs listed on the card, respectively. Each of those abilities is linked to the appropriate kicker ability.

702.33g: If part of a spell's ability has its effect only if that spell was kicked, and that part of the ability includes any targets, the spell's controller chooses those targets only if that spell was kicked. Otherwise, the spell is cast as if it did not have those targets. See rule 601.2c

702.33h: Sticker kicker is a keyword ability that represents a kicker ability and an ability that imposes an additional cost if the spell is kicked. "Sticker kicker [cost]" means "Kicker [cost]" and "As an additional cost to cast this spell, if it's kicked, you get a ticket counter and you may put a sticker on this spell."

702.34a: Flashback appears on some instants and sorceries. It represents two static abilities: one that functions while the card is in a player's graveyard and another that functions while the card is on the stack. "Flashback [cost]" means "You may cast this card from your graveyard if the resulting spell is an instant or sorcery spell by paying [cost] rather than paying its mana cost" and "If the flashback cost was paid, exile this card instead of putting it anywhere else any time it would leave the stack." Casting a spell using its flashback ability follows the rules for paying alternative costs in rules 601.2b and 601.2f -h.

702.35a: Madness is a keyword that represents two abilities. The first is a static ability that functions while the card with madness is in a player's hand. The second is a triggered ability that functions when the first ability is applied. "Madness [cost]" means "If a player would discard this card, that player discards it, but exiles it instead of putting it into their graveyard" and "When this card is exiled this way, its owner may cast it by paying [cost] rather than paying its mana cost. If that player doesn't, they put this card into their graveyard."

702.35b: Casting a spell using its madness ability follows the rules for paying alternative costs in rules 601.2b and 601.2f -h.

702.35c: After resolving a madness triggered ability, if the exiled card wasn't cast and was moved to a public zone, effects referencing the discarded card can find that card. See rule 400.7k

702.36a: Fear is an evasion ability.

702.36b: A creature with fear can't be blocked except by artifact creatures and/or black creatures. (See rule 509 , "Declare Blockers Step.")

702.36c: Multiple instances of fear on the same creature are redundant.

702.37a: Morph is a static ability that functions in any zone from which you could play the card it's on, and the morph effect works any time the card is face down. "Morph [cost]" means "You may cast this card as a 2/2 face-down creature with no text, no name, no subtypes, and no mana cost by paying rather than paying its mana cost." (See rule 708 , "Face-Down Spells and Permanents.")

702.37b: Megamorph is a variant of the morph ability. "Megamorph [cost]" means "You may cast this card as a 2/2 face-down creature with no text, no name, no subtypes, and no mana cost by paying rather than paying its mana cost" and "As this permanent is turned face up, put a +1/+1 counter on it if its megamorph cost was paid to turn it face up." A megamorph cost is a morph cost.

702.37c: To cast a card using its morph ability, turn it face down and announce that you're using a morph ability. It becomes a 2/2 face-down creature card with no text, no name, no subtypes, and no mana cost. Any effects or prohibitions that would apply to casting a card with these characteristics (and not the face-up card's characteristics) are applied to casting this card. These values are the copiable values of that object's characteristics. (See rule 613 , "Interaction of Continuous Effects," and rule 707, "Copying Objects.") Put it onto the stack (as a face-down spell with the same characteristics), and pay rather than pay its mana cost. This follows the rules for paying alternative costs. You can use a morph ability to cast a card from any zone from which you could normally cast it. When the spell resolves, it enters the battlefield with the same characteristics the spell had. The morph effect applies to the face-down object wherever it is, and it ends when the permanent is turned face up.

702.37d: You can't normally cast a card face down. A morph ability allows you to do so.

702.37e: Any time you have priority, you may turn a face-down permanent you control with a morph ability face up. This is a special action; it doesn't use the stack (see rule 116 ). To do this, show all players what the permanent's morph cost would be if it were face up, pay that cost, then turn the permanent face up. (If the permanent wouldn't have a morph cost if it were face up, it can't be turned face up this way.) The morph effect on it ends, and it regains its normal characteristics. Any abilities relating to the permanent entering the battlefield don't trigger when it's turned face up and don't have any effect, because the permanent has already entered the battlefield.

702.37f: If a permanent's morph cost includes X, other abilities of that permanent may also refer to X. The value of X in those abilities is equal to the value of X chosen as the morph special action was taken.

702.37g: See rule 708 , "Face-Down Spells and Permanents," for more information about how to cast cards with a morph ability.

702.38a: Amplify is a static ability. "Amplify N" means "As this object enters, reveal any number of cards from your hand that share a creature type with it. This permanent enters with N +1/+1 counters on it for each card revealed this way. You can't reveal this card or any other cards that are entering the battlefield at the same time as this card."

702.38b: If a creature has multiple instances of amplify, each one works separately.

702.39a: Provoke is a triggered ability. "Provoke" means "Whenever this creature attacks, you may choose to have target creature defending player controls block this creature this combat if able. If you do, untap that creature."

702.39b: If a creature has multiple instances of provoke, each triggers separately.

702.40a: Storm is a triggered ability that functions on the stack. "Storm" means "When you cast this spell, copy it for each other spell that was cast before it this turn. If the spell has any targets, you may choose new targets for any of the copies."

702.40b: If a spell has multiple instances of storm, each triggers separately.

702.41a: Affinity is a static ability that functions while the spell with affinity is on the stack. "Affinity for [text]" means "This spell costs you less to cast for each [text] you control."

702.41b: If a spell has multiple instances of affinity, each of them applies.

702.42a: Entwine is a static ability of modal spells (see rule 700.2 ) that functions while the spell is on the stack. "Entwine [cost]" means "You may choose all modes of this spell instead of just the number specified. If you do, you pay an additional [cost]." Using the entwine ability follows the rules for choosing modes and paying additional costs in rules 601.2b and 601.2f -h.

702.42b: If the entwine cost was paid, follow the text of each of the modes in the order written on the card when the spell resolves.

702.43a: Modular represents both a static ability and a triggered ability. "Modular N" means "This permanent enters with N +1/+1 counters on it" and "When this permanent is put into a graveyard from the battlefield, you may put a +1/+1 counter on target artifact creature for each +1/+1 counter on this permanent."

702.43b: If a creature has multiple instances of modular, each one works separately.

702.44a: Sunburst is a static ability that functions as an object is entering the battlefield. "Sunburst" means "If this object is entering as a creature, ignoring any type-changing effects that would affect it, it enters with a +1/+1 counter on it for each color of mana spent to cast it. Otherwise, it enters with a charge counter on it for each color of mana spent to cast it."

702.44b: Sunburst adds counters only if the object with sunburst is entering the battlefield from the stack as a resolving spell and only if one or more colored mana was spent on its costs, including additional or alternative costs.

702.44c: Sunburst can also be used to set a variable number for another ability. If the keyword is used in this way, it doesn't matter whether the ability is on a creature spell or on a noncreature spell.

702.44d: If an object has multiple instances of sunburst, each one works separately.

702.45a: Bushido is a triggered ability. "Bushido N" means "Whenever this creature blocks or becomes blocked, it gets +N/+N until end of turn." (See rule 509 , "Declare Blockers Step.")

702.45b: If a creature has multiple instances of bushido, each triggers separately.

702.46a: Soulshift is a triggered ability. "Soulshift N" means "When this permanent is put into a graveyard from the battlefield, you may return target Spirit card with mana value N or less from your graveyard to your hand."

702.46b: If a permanent has multiple instances of soulshift, each triggers separately.

702.47a: Splice is a static ability that functions while a card is in your hand. "Splice onto [quality] [cost]" means "You may reveal this card from your hand as you cast a [quality] spell. If you do, that spell gains the text of this card's rules text and you pay [cost] as an additional cost to cast that spell." Paying a card's splice cost follows the rules for paying additional costs in rules 601.2b and 601.2f -h.

702.47b: You can't choose to use a splice ability if you can't make the required choices (targets, etc.) for that card's rules text. You can't splice any one card onto the same spell more than once. If you're splicing more than one card onto a spell, reveal them all at once and choose the order in which their effects will happen. The effects of the main spell must happen first.

702.47c: The spell has the characteristics of the main spell, plus the rules text of each of the spliced cards. This is a text-changing effect (see rule 612 , "Text-Changing Effects"). The spell doesn't gain any other characteristics (name, mana cost, color, supertypes, card types, subtypes, etc.) of the spliced cards. Text gained by the spell that refers to a card by name refers to the spell on the stack, not the card from which the text was copied.

702.47d: Choose targets for the added text normally (see rule 601.2c ). Note that a spell with one or more targets won't resolve if all of its targets are illegal on resolution.

702.47e: The spell loses any splice changes once it leaves the stack for any reason.

702.48a: Offering is a static ability that functions while the spell with offering is on the stack. "[Quality] offering" means "As an additional cost to cast this spell, you may sacrifice a [quality] permanent. If you chose to pay the additional cost, this spell's total cost is reduced by the sacrificed permanent's mana cost, and you may cast this spell any time you could cast an instant."

702.48b: You choose which permanent to sacrifice as you make choices for the spell (see rule 601.2b ), and you sacrifice that permanent as you pay the total cost (see rule 601.2h ).

702.48c: Generic mana in the sacrificed permanent's mana cost reduces generic mana in the spell's total cost. Colored and colorless mana in the sacrificed permanent's mana cost reduces mana of the same type in spell's total cost, and any excess reduces that much generic mana in spell's total cost. (See rule 118.7 )

702.49a: Ninjutsu is an activated ability that functions only while the card with ninjutsu is in a player's hand. "Ninjutsu [cost]" means "[Cost], Reveal this card from your hand, Return an unblocked attacking creature you control to its owner's hand: Put this card onto the battlefield from your hand tapped and attacking."

702.49b: The card with ninjutsu remains revealed from the time the ability is announced until the ability leaves the stack.

702.49c: A ninjutsu ability may be activated only while a creature on the battlefield is unblocked (see rule 509.1h ). The creature with ninjutsu is put onto the battlefield unblocked. It will be attacking the same player, planeswalker, or battle as the creature that was returned to its owner's hand.

702.49d: Commander ninjutsu is a variant of the ninjutsu ability that also functions while the card with commander ninjutsu is in the command zone. "Commander ninjutsu [cost]" means "[Cost], Reveal this card from your hand or from the command zone, Return an unblocked attacking creature you control to its owner's hand: Put this card onto the battlefield tapped and attacking."

702.50a: Epic represents two spell abilities, one of which creates a delayed triggered ability. "Epic" means "For the rest of the game, you can't cast spells," and "At the beginning of each of your upkeeps for the rest of the game, copy this spell except for its epic ability. If the spell has any targets, you may choose new targets for the copy." See rule 707.10

702.50b: A player can't cast spells once a spell with epic they control resolves, but effects (such as the epic ability itself) can still put copies of spells onto the stack.

702.51a: Convoke is a static ability that functions while the spell with convoke is on the stack. "Convoke" means "For each colored mana in this spell's total cost, you may tap an untapped creature of that color you control rather than pay that mana. For each generic mana in this spell's total cost, you may tap an untapped creature you control rather than pay that mana."

702.51b: The convoke ability isn't an additional or alternative cost and applies only after the total cost of the spell with convoke is determined.

702.51c: A creature tapped to pay for mana in a spell's total cost this way is said to have "convoked" that spell.

702.51d: Multiple instances of convoke on the same spell are redundant.

702.52a: Dredge is a static ability that functions only while the card with dredge is in a player's graveyard. "Dredge N" means "As long as you have at least N cards in your library, if you would draw a card, you may instead mill N cards and return this card from your graveyard to your hand."

702.52b: A player with fewer cards in their library than the number required by a dredge ability can't mill any of them this way.

702.53a: Transmute is an activated ability that functions only while the card with transmute is in a player's hand. "Transmute [cost]" means "[Cost], Discard this card: Search your library for a card with the same mana value as the discarded card, reveal that card, and put it into your hand. Then shuffle your library. Activate only as a sorcery."

702.53b: Although the transmute ability can be activated only if the card is in a player's hand, it continues to exist while the object is on the battlefield and in all other zones. Therefore objects with transmute will be affected by effects that depend on objects having one or more activated abilities.

702.54a: Bloodthirst is a static ability. "Bloodthirst N" means "If an opponent was dealt damage this turn, this permanent enters with N +1/+1 counters on it."

702.54b: "Bloodthirst X" is a special form of bloodthirst. "Bloodthirst X" means "This permanent enters with X +1/+1 counters on it, where X is the total damage your opponents have been dealt this turn."

702.54c: If an object has multiple instances of bloodthirst, each applies separately.

702.55a: Haunt is a triggered ability. "Haunt" on a permanent means "When this permanent is put into a graveyard from the battlefield, exile it haunting target creature." "Haunt" on an instant or sorcery spell means "When this spell is put into a graveyard during its resolution, exile it haunting target creature."

702.55b: Cards that are in the exile zone as the result of a haunt ability "haunt" the creature targeted by that ability. The phrase "creature it haunts" refers to the object targeted by the haunt ability, regardless of whether or not that object is still a creature.

702.55c: Triggered abilities of cards with haunt that refer to the haunted creature can trigger in the exile zone.

702.56a: Replicate is a keyword that represents two abilities. The first is a static ability that functions while the spell with replicate is on the stack. The second is a triggered ability that functions while the spell with replicate is on the stack. "Replicate [cost]" means "As an additional cost to cast this spell, you may pay [cost] any number of times" and "When you cast this spell, if a replicate cost was paid for it, copy it for each time its replicate cost was paid. If the spell has any targets, you may choose new targets for any of the copies." Paying a spell's replicate cost follows the rules for paying additional costs in rules 601.2b and 601.2f -h.

702.56b: If a spell has multiple instances of replicate, each is paid separately and triggers based on the payments made for it, not any other instance of replicate.

702.57a: A forecast ability is a special kind of activated ability that can be activated only from a player's hand. It's written "Forecast — [Activated ability]."

702.57b: A forecast ability may be activated only during the upkeep step of the card's owner and only once each turn. The controller of the forecast ability reveals the card with that ability from their hand as the ability is activated. That player plays with that card revealed in their hand until it leaves the player's hand or until a step or phase that isn't an upkeep step begins, whichever comes first.

702.58a: Graft represents both a static ability and a triggered ability. "Graft N" means "This permanent enters with N +1/+1 counters on it" and "Whenever another creature enters, if this permanent has a +1/+1 counter on it, you may move a +1/+1 counter from this permanent onto that creature."

702.58b: If a permanent has multiple instances of graft, each one works separately.

702.59a: Recover is a triggered ability that functions only while the card with recover is in a player's graveyard. "Recover [cost]" means "When a creature is put into your graveyard from the battlefield, you may pay [cost]. If you do, return this card from your graveyard to your hand. Otherwise, exile this card."

702.60a: Ripple is a triggered ability that functions only while the card with ripple is on the stack. "Ripple N" means "When you cast this spell, you may reveal the top N cards of your library, or, if there are fewer than N cards in your library, you may reveal all the cards in your library. If you reveal cards from your library this way, you may cast any of those cards with the same name as this spell without paying their mana costs, then put all revealed cards not cast this way on the bottom of your library in any order."

702.60b: If a spell has multiple instances of ripple, each triggers separately.

702.61a: Split second is a static ability that functions only while the spell with split second is on the stack. "Split second" means "As long as this spell is on the stack, players can't cast other spells or activate abilities that aren't mana abilities."

702.61b: Players may activate mana abilities and take special actions while a spell with split second is on the stack. Triggered abilities trigger and are put on the stack as normal while a spell with split second is on the stack.

702.61c: Multiple instances of split second on the same spell are redundant.

702.62a: Suspend is a keyword that represents three abilities. The first is a static ability that functions while the card with suspend is in a player's hand. The second and third are triggered abilities that function in the exile zone. "Suspend N—[cost]" means "If you could begin to cast this card by putting it onto the stack from your hand, you may pay [cost] and exile it with N time counters on it. This action doesn't use the stack," and "At the beginning of your upkeep, if this card is suspended, remove a time counter from it," and "When the last time counter is removed from this card, if it's exiled, you may play it without paying its mana cost if able. If you don't, it remains exiled. If you cast a creature spell this way, it gains haste until you lose control of the spell or the permanent it becomes."

702.62b: A card is "suspended" if it's in the exile zone, has suspend, and has a time counter on it.

702.62c: While determining if you could begin to cast a card with suspend, take into consideration any effects that would prohibit that card from being cast.

702.62d: Casting a spell as an effect of its suspend ability follows the rules for paying alternative costs in rules 601.2b and 601.2f -h.

702.63a: Vanishing is a keyword that represents three abilities. "Vanishing N" means "This permanent enters with N time counters on it," "At the beginning of your upkeep, if this permanent has a time counter on it, remove a time counter from it," and "When the last time counter is removed from this permanent, sacrifice it."

702.63b: Vanishing without a number means "At the beginning of your upkeep, if this permanent has a time counter on it, remove a time counter from it" and "When the last time counter is removed from this permanent, sacrifice it."

702.63c: If a permanent has multiple instances of vanishing, each works separately.

702.64a: Absorb is a static ability. "Absorb N" means "If a source would deal damage to this creature, prevent N of that damage."

702.64b: Each absorb ability can prevent only N damage from any one source at any one time. It will apply separately to damage from other sources, or to damage dealt by the same source at a different time.

702.64c: If an object has multiple instances of absorb, each applies separately.

702.65a: Aura swap is an activated ability of some Aura cards. "Aura swap [cost]" means "[Cost]: You may exchange this permanent with an Aura card in your hand."

702.65b: If either half of the exchange can't be completed, the ability has no effect.

702.66a: Delve is a static ability that functions while the spell with delve is on the stack. "Delve" means "For each generic mana in this spell's total cost, you may exile a card from your graveyard rather than pay that mana."

702.66b: The delve ability isn't an additional or alternative cost and applies only after the total cost of the spell with delve is determined.

702.66c: Multiple instances of delve on the same spell are redundant.

702.67a: Fortify is an activated ability of Fortification cards. "Fortify [cost]" means "[Cost]: Attach this Fortification to target land you control. Activate only as a sorcery."

702.67b: For more information about Fortifications, see rule 301 , "Artifacts."

702.67c: If a Fortification has multiple instances of fortify, any of its fortify abilities may be used.

702.68a: Frenzy is a triggered ability. "Frenzy N" means "Whenever this creature attacks and isn't blocked, it gets +N/+0 until end of turn."

702.68b: If a creature has multiple instances of frenzy, each triggers separately.

702.69a: Gravestorm is a triggered ability that functions on the stack. "Gravestorm" means "When you cast this spell, copy it for each permanent that was put into a graveyard from the battlefield this turn. If the spell has any targets, you may choose new targets for any of the copies."

702.69b: If a spell has multiple instances of gravestorm, each triggers separately.

702.70a: Poisonous is a triggered ability. "Poisonous N" means "Whenever this creature deals combat damage to a player, that player gets N poison counters." (For information about poison counters, see rule 104.3d )

702.70b: If a creature has multiple instances of poisonous, each triggers separately.

702.71a: Transfigure is an activated ability. "Transfigure [cost]" means "[Cost], Sacrifice this permanent: Search your library for a creature card with the same mana value as this permanent and put it onto the battlefield. Then shuffle your library. Activate only as a sorcery."

702.72a: Champion represents two triggered abilities. "Champion an [object]" means "When this permanent enters, sacrifice it unless you exile another [object] you control" and "When this permanent leaves the battlefield, return the exiled card to the battlefield under its owner's control."

702.72b: The two abilities represented by champion are linked. See rule 607 , "Linked Abilities."

702.72c: A permanent is "championed" by another permanent if the latter exiles the former as the direct result of a champion ability.

702.73a: Changeling is a characteristic-defining ability. "Changeling" means "This object is every creature type." This ability works everywhere, even outside the game. See rule 604.3

702.74a: Evoke represents two abilities: a static ability that functions in any zone from which the card with evoke can be cast and a triggered ability that functions on the battlefield. "Evoke [cost]" means "You may cast this card by paying [cost] rather than paying its mana cost" and "When this permanent enters, if its evoke cost was paid, its controller sacrifices it." Casting a spell for its evoke cost follows the rules for paying alternative costs in rules 601.2b and 601.2f -h.

702.75a: Hideaway is a triggered ability. "Hideaway N" means "When this permanent enters, look at the top N cards of your library. Exile one of them face down and put the rest on the bottom of your library in a random order. The exiled card gains ‘The player who controls the permanent that exiled this card may look at this card in the exile zone.'"

702.75b: Previously, the rules for the hideaway ability caused the permanent to enter the battlefield tapped, and the number of cards the player looked at was fixed at four. Cards printed before this rules change had the printed text "Hideaway" with no numeral after the word. Those older cards have received errata in the Oracle card reference to have "Hideaway 4" and the additional ability "[This permanent] enters tapped."

702.76a: Prowl is a static ability that functions on the stack. "Prowl [cost]" means "You may pay [cost] rather than pay this spell's mana cost if a player was dealt combat damage this turn by a source that, at the time it dealt that damage, was under your control and had any of this spell's creature types." Casting a spell for its prowl cost follows the rules for paying alternative costs in rules 601.2b and 601.2f -h.

702.77a: Reinforce is an activated ability that functions only while the card with reinforce is in a player's hand. "Reinforce N—[cost]" means "[Cost], Discard this card: Put N +1/+1 counters on target creature."

702.77b: Although the reinforce ability can be activated only if the card is in a player's hand, it continues to exist while the object is on the battlefield and in all other zones. Therefore objects with reinforce will be affected by effects that depend on objects having one or more activated abilities.

702.78a: Conspire is a keyword that represents two abilities. The first is a static ability that functions while the spell with conspire is on the stack. The second is a triggered ability that functions while the spell with conspire is on the stack. "Conspire" means "As an additional cost to cast this spell, you may tap two untapped creatures you control that each share a color with it" and "When you cast this spell, if its conspire cost was paid, copy it. If the spell has any targets, you may choose new targets for the copy." Paying a spell's conspire cost follows the rules for paying additional costs in rules 601.2b and 601.2f -h.

702.78b: If a spell has multiple instances of conspire, each is paid separately and triggers based on its own payment, not any other instance of conspire.

702.79a: Persist is a triggered ability. "Persist" means "When this permanent is put into a graveyard from the battlefield, if it had no -1/-1 counters on it, return it to the battlefield under its owner's control with a -1/-1 counter on it."

702.80a: Wither is a static ability. Damage dealt to a creature by a source with wither isn't marked on that creature. Rather, it causes that source's controller to put that many -1/-1 counters on that creature. See rule 120.3

702.80b: If an object changes zones before an effect causes it to deal damage, its last known information is used to determine whether it had wither.

702.80c: The wither rules function no matter what zone an object with wither deals damage from.

702.80d: Multiple instances of wither on the same object are redundant.

702.81a: Retrace is a static ability that functions while the card with retrace is in a player's graveyard. "Retrace" means "You may cast this card from your graveyard by discarding a land card as an additional cost to cast it." Casting a spell using its retrace ability follows the rules for paying additional costs in rules 601.2b and 601.2f -h.

702.82a: Devour is a static ability. "Devour N" means "As this object enters, you may sacrifice any number of creatures. This permanent enters with N +1/+1 counters on it for each creature sacrificed this way."

702.82b: Some objects have abilities that refer to the number of creatures the permanent devoured. "It devoured" means "sacrificed as a result of its devour ability as it entered the battlefield."

702.82c: Devour [quality] is a variant of devour. "Devour [quality] N" means "As this object enters, you may sacrifice any number of [quality] permanents. This permanent enters with N +1/+1 counters on it for each permanent sacrificed this way."

702.83a: Exalted is a triggered ability. "Exalted" means "Whenever a creature you control attacks alone, that creature gets +1/+1 until end of turn."

702.83b: A creature "attacks alone" if it's the only creature declared as an attacker in a given combat phase. See rule 506.5

702.84a: Unearth is an activated ability that functions while the card with unearth is in a graveyard. "Unearth [cost]" means "[Cost]: Return this card from your graveyard to the battlefield. It gains haste. Exile it at the beginning of the next end step. If it would leave the battlefield, exile it instead of putting it anywhere else. Activate only as a sorcery."

702.85a: Cascade is a triggered ability that functions only while the spell with cascade is on the stack. "Cascade" means "When you cast this spell, exile cards from the top of your library until you exile a nonland card whose mana value is less than this spell's mana value. You may cast that card without paying its mana cost if the resulting spell's mana value is less than this spell's mana value. Then put all cards exiled this way that weren't cast on the bottom of your library in a random order."

702.85b: If an effect allows a player to take an action with one or more of the exiled cards "as you cascade," the player may take that action after they have finished exiling cards due to the cascade ability. This action is taken before choosing whether to cast the last exiled card or, if no appropriate card was exiled, before putting the exiled cards on the bottom of their library in a random order.

702.85c: If a spell has multiple instances of cascade, each triggers separately.

702.86a: Annihilator is a triggered ability. "Annihilator N" means "Whenever this creature attacks, defending player sacrifices N permanents."

702.86b: If a creature has multiple instances of annihilator, each triggers separately.

702.87a: Level up is an activated ability. "Level up [cost]" means "[Cost]: Put a level counter on this permanent. Activate only as a sorcery."

702.87b: Each card printed with a level up ability is known as a leveler card. It has a nonstandard layout and includes two level symbols that are themselves keyword abilities. See rule 711 , "Leveler Cards."

702.87c: Some enchantments have the subtype Class and associated abilities that give them a class level. These are not the same as level up abilities and class levels do not interact with level counters. See rule 716 , "Class Cards."

702.88a: Rebound appears on some instants and sorceries. It represents a static ability that functions while the spell is on the stack and may create a delayed triggered ability. "Rebound" means "If this spell was cast from your hand, instead of putting it into your graveyard as it resolves, exile it and, at the beginning of your next upkeep, you may cast this card from exile without paying its mana cost."

702.88b: Casting a spell as an effect of its rebound ability follows the rules for paying alternative costs in rules 601.2b and 601.2f -h.

702.88c: Multiple instances of rebound on the same spell are redundant.

702.89a: Umbra armor is a static ability that appears on some Auras. "Umbra armor" means "If enchanted permanent would be destroyed, instead remove all damage marked on it and destroy this Aura."

702.89b: Some older cards were printed with the ability "totem armor" or referenced that ability. The text of these cards has been updated in the Oracle card reference to refer to umbra armor instead.

702.90a: Infect is a static ability.

702.90b: Damage dealt to a player by a source with infect doesn't cause that player to lose life. Rather, it causes that source's controller to give the player that many poison counters. See rule 120.3

702.90c: Damage dealt to a creature by a source with infect isn't marked on that creature. Rather, it causes that source's controller to put that many -1/-1 counters on that creature. See rule 120.3

702.90d: If an object changes zones before an effect causes it to deal damage, its last known information is used to determine whether it had infect.

702.90e: The infect rules function no matter what zone an object with infect deals damage from.

702.90f: Multiple instances of infect on the same object are redundant.